Abstract
Abstract Part I argues that gender inequality is the result of sexist bias (masculine vanity) in the history of the sciences and medicine from antiquity forward, with special attention to the body in the natural philosophy of the early modern period and eighteenth century. It critiques the way sexual difference is used to naturalize and justify gender inequality and the subordination of women. It focuses on anatomy, physiology, chemistry, botany, and, in particular, theories of reproduction and comparisons of humans to animals. It also continues the Cartesian philosopher François Poulain de la Barre’s argument about examining prejudice with respect to gender.
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