Abstract
T HE 1860S AND 1870S could be called the golden age of Russian science. In addition, the period witnessed a rise in women's consciousness and the beginnings of the Russian revolutionary movement. Largely as a result of this combination of circumstances, these years marked a time of substantial gains in scientific opportunities for Russian women. Encouraged by the social philosophy of the nihilists and by the new women's consciousness, young women of the gentry and intelligentsia sought education and careers in the natural sciences and medicine. Russian women were among the first women in the world to receive doctorates in mathematics, physiology, zoology, chemistry, and other scientific fields.
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