Abstract
Abstract This chapter surveys the circulation of scientific knowledge around the Islamic and Christian worlds during the medieval period. It explores the vital role played by Islamic scholars in the preservation of ancient Greek ideas in medicine, astronomy, and optics amongst other sciences and how they developed earlier ideas in distinctive ways. It explores the development of universities in western Europe and the incorporation of Greek and Islamic natural philosophy into orthodox Christian tradition. It examines the relationship of scientific and religious ideas in both Christian and Islamic contexts, and shows how Aristotelian ideas, in particular, were incorporated into the Christian orthodox world-view.
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