Abstract
We present the science and technology roadmap for graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems, targeting an evolution in technology, that might lead to impacts and benefits reaching into most areas of society. This roadmap was developed within the framework of the European Graphene Flagship and outlines the main targets and research areas as best understood at the start of this ambitious project. We provide an overview of the key aspects of graphene and related materials (GRMs), ranging from fundamental research challenges to a variety of applications in a large number of sectors, highlighting the steps necessary to take GRMs from a state of raw potential to a point where they might revolutionize multiple industries. We also define an extensive list of acronyms in an effort to standardize the nomenclature in this emerging field.
Highlights
Tailoring electronic and optical properties in graphene can be achieved by lateral confinement of its 2d electron gas from the mesoscopic regime down to the molecular scale,[289,290,291,292,293,294,295] The dominant approach consists in using inorganic resist to lithographically define graphene nanoribbons (GNRs),[296,110,297,298] A resist-free approach can be achieved by focused ion beam lithography,[299,300] the transport in ion-etched GNRs is strongly dominated by edge disorder and amorphization[299,300,301,302] which calls for alternative approaches
In the case of solvent stabilisation, good solvents are those with surface energy matching that of the exfoliated materials.[38]. This results in the enthalpy of mixing being very small.38,1052. Because these exfoliation methods are based on VdWs interactions between the flakes and either the solvent molecules or surfactant tail group, stabilisation does not result in any significant perturbation of the flake properties
graphene ring oscillators (GROs) and inverters could find applications in digital circuits operating at extremely high frequency (EHF; f > 100 GHz) in which high operating speed could be traded off against power dissipation, reduced voltage swing, and circuit complexity1170,1172,1173,1216 These ultra-high speed digital circuits were developed to perform data conversion at the transmitting/ receiving side of serial EHF lines,1217 such that information carried by EHF digital signals can be processed at lower clock rates by low-power, highly integrated, and parallel Si Complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) logic
Summary
New technologies and materials: towards a novel technological platform.
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