Schmidt's schema theory: the empirical base of the variability of practice hypothesis: A critical analysis

Abstract

This paper is addressed to Schmidt's (1975) schema theory of motor learning. Within this theory, most attention has apparently been given to the variability of practice hypothesis. The hypothesis claims that variable practice is more effective for schema development than constant practice. The empirical foundation of the variability prediction is evaluated here on the basis of 63 relevant studies (mainly journal articles and dissertations), reporting 73 different experiments and covering 12 years of empirical research (from 1975 through 1987). Experiments with adult ( n = 48) and with child subjects ( n = 25) were distinguished. In the literature, it is often stated that solid empirical support is available for the hypothesis, especially with child subjects. From the review presented here, it was concluded that, firstly, about half of the experiments were factually not addressing the variability prediction, particularly because no learning was evident during practice. Secondly, only limited support favouring the prediction could be obtained from the remaining experiments. The variability prediction cannot, therefore, rest upon consistent supportive evidence, neither with adult nor with child subjects.