Abstract
Schizophyllum communeUTARA1 was used for lipase production under solid state fermentation (SSF) of sugarcane bagasse (SB) impregnated with used cooking oil medium. Pretreatments of steam, microwave, hydrochloric acid (HCl), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and their combinations, such as steam-assisted HCl, steam-assisted NaOH, microwave-assisted HCl, and microwave-assisted NaOH, on the milled SB, were done prior to SSF to investigate their effects on lipase production via SSF. The highest lipase activity among the pretreated SB was 0.200 U/gSB, using steam-assisted HCl treated SB, which is lower than the lipase activity produced from the untreated SB, which was 0.413 U/gSB. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) imaging showed significant rupture of the SB structure after steam-assisted-HCl pretreatments where the thin walls of the SB pith were wrinkled and collapsed, with no distinctive cell wall structure. The HCl pretreated SB gave the highest crystallinity index (CrI), 91.43%, compared to the untreated, 61.90%. Conversely, microwave and NaOH pretreatments reduced the CrI, which were 46.15% and 43.36%, respectively. In this study, the results obtained indicated that pretreated SB did not improve the lipase production ofSchizophyllum communeUTARA1 under SSF.
Highlights
Agrowaste is composed of plant based materials, with cellulose as the major polymer component of plant cell wall [1]
The Sugarcane bagasse (SB) crystallinity index (CrI) has increased after being treated with steam (67.38%), comparing to the untreated SB (61.90%)
Even though pretreatments of agrowaste are reported useful in delignification of lignocellulosic materials and enhance the accessibility of microbe in fermentation process, this study shows that CrI has no direct correlation with the lipase production by S. commune UTARA1
Summary
Agrowaste is composed of plant based materials, with cellulose as the major polymer component of plant cell wall [1]. Cellulose is converted by cellulases, mainly endoglucanases (EC 3.2.1.4), exoglucanases (EC 3.2.1.91), and β-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21), into simple sugars [2] (Figure 1), which will be utilized by most microorganisms to support their growth. To produce glucose and cello-oligosaccharides, endoglucanase will randomly cleave the carboxy methyl cellulose. Exoglucanase attacks on the nonreducing end of the microcrystalline cellulose to produce cellobiose. After juice extraction by night market vendors, the SB is being disposed to landfill. This agrowaste mainly consists of two carbohydrate fractions (cellulose and hemicellulose) embedded in a lignin matrix [4]. Cellulose is a linear β (1,4)-glycosidic linked chain of D-glucose molecules forming dimer cellobiose, with their basic fine fibers normally composed of a crystalline form and a small amount of nonorganized cellulose chains forms the amorphous regions [5, 6]
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