Schizochytrium Oil and Its Mixture with Fish Oil and Sacha inchi Oil Ameliorate Gut Microbiota Composition and Lipid Metabolism via the Fatty Acid Synthetase/3‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl Glutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase/Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein Signaling Pathway

Abstract

AbstractAlthough fish oil is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, it is greatly affected by environmental pollutants. Schizochytrium oil and Sacha inchi oil are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, but there are few studies on their lipid‐lowering effects. The Schizochytrium oil, fish oil, and Sacha inchi oil are formulated into a 1:1:1 mixture emulsion (SFSO). Experimental results show that SFSO could significantly decrease blood lipid and liver total cholesterol (TC,30–40%), triglyceride (TG,35%), low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C,78.38%), and enhance antioxidant capacity. In addition, SFSO significantly reduces the mRNA expression levels of A‐cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT,86.5%), fatty acid synthetase (FAS,96.16%), 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR,68.3%), sterol regulatory element binding protein‐1c (SREBP‐1c,75.1%), and peroxisomal proliferator‐activated receptors gamma (PPAR‐γ,17.23%), has a strong inhibitory effect on the expression of fat synthesis‐related genes. On the contrary, it significantly promotes the mRNA expression of acyl‐CoA oxidase‐1 (ACOX1,85.54%), hormone‐sensitive lipase (HSL,61.84%), and peroxisomal proliferator‐activated receptors alpha (PPAR‐α,12.43%), accelerates the metabolism of fat and the oxidation of fatty acids. The analysis of gut microbiota shows that some pathogenic bacteria associated with obesity and inflammation in LSFSO group decreased significantly, and the increased Alloprevotella and Parabacteroides are positively correlated with polyunsaturated fatty acids.Practical Applications: The regulatory mechanism of SFSO on LMDS and gut microbiota was discussed, and the source of unsaturated fatty acids was optimized.