Abstract
This study reports a nanoformulation for avoiding the high-dose problems of bee-venom (BV) via encapsulation inside pluronic F127 (F127) nanoparticles (NPs) for treatment of schistosomiasis. After three weeks of treatment, the obtained data showed a reduction in the total worm burden, oogram pattern and ova count compared with the infected control. Moreover, the immunomodulatory functions of BV-loaded NPs were observed via stimulating the innate immune responses (IL-33), T helper (Th)-1 immunity (TNF-α) and Th-2 (IL-10). All treatments induced a reduction in the number and diameter of granuloma, while BV-loaded NPs induced the formation of new hepatic bile ductules. Both F127 NPs and BV-loaded NPs induced a significant decrease in liver fibrosis area percentage compared with the infected control. Free BV showed a limited effect on the S. mansoni larvae, while BV-loaded and plain F127 NPs showed remarkable schistosomicidal effects on the adult parasites.
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