Abstract
The flavoprotein cryptochromes (CRYs) act as blue-light receptors in plants and insects, but perform light-independent functions at the core of the mammalian circadian clock. To drive clock oscillations, mammalian CRYs associate with the Period proteins (PERs) and together inhibit the transcription of their own genes. The SCFFbxl3 ubiquitin ligase complex controls this negative feedback loop by promoting CRY ubiquitylation and degradation. Yet, the molecular mechanisms of their interactions and the functional role of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) binding in CRYs remain poorly understood. Here we report crystal structures of mammalian CRY2 in its apo, FAD-bound, and Fbxl3-Skp1-complexed forms. Distinct from other cryptochromes of known structures, mammalian CRY2 binds FAD dynamically with an open cofactor pocket. Strikingly, the F-box protein Fbxl3 captures CRY2 by simultaneously occupying its FAD-binding pocket with a conserved C-terminal tail and burying its PER-binding interface. This novel F-box protein-substrate bipartite interaction is susceptible to disruption by both FAD and PERs, suggesting a new avenue for pharmacological targeting of the complex and a multifaceted regulatory mechanism of CRY ubiquitylation.
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