Abstract
The impact of gut microbiota and its metabolites on fat metabolism have been widely reported in human and animals. However, the critical mediators and the signal transductions are not well demonstrated. As ovipara, chicken represents a specific case in lipid metabolism that liver is the main site of lipid synthesis. The aim of this study is to elucidate the linkage of gut microbiota and fat synthesis in broiler chickens. The broilers were subjected to dietary treatments of combined probiotics (Animal bifidobacterium: 4 × 108 cfu/kg; Lactobacillus plantarum: 2 × 108 cfu/kg; Enterococcus faecalis: 2 × 108 cfu/kg; Clostridium butyrate: 2 × 108 cfu/kg, PB) and guar gum (1 g/kg, GG), respectively. Results showed that dietary supplementation of PB and GG changed the cecal microbiota diversity, altered short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) contents, and suppressed lipogenesis. In intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), SCFAs (acetate, propionate, and butyrate) up-regulated the expression of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) via mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, mainly via the phospho - extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK) and phospho-p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) pathways. GLP-1 suppressed lipid accumulation in primary hepatocytes with the involvement of (AMP)-activated protein kinase/Acetyl CoA carboxylase (AMPK/ACC) signaling. In conclusion, the result suggests that SCFAs-induced GLP-1 secretion via MAPK pathway, which links the regulation of gut microbiota on hepatic lipogenesis in chickens.
Highlights
Gut microbiota plays an important role in the metabolism of the host
Control), HFD supplemented with combined probiotics (PB, Animal bifidobacterium: 4 × 108 cfu/kg; Lactobacillus plantarum: 2 × 108 cfu/kg; Enterococcus faecalis: 2 × 108 cfu/kg; Clostridium butyrate: 2 × 108 cfu/kg) based on our preliminary trial and previous report (Ewing and Cole, 1994), and HFD supplemented with 1g/kg guar gum (GG)
Plasma activity of ALT was decreased in both PB- and GG-treated chickens comparing with control (p < 0.001), while AST was not changed (p > 0.05, Figures 1C,D)
Summary
Gut microbiota plays an important role in the metabolism of the host. The altered structure of gut microbiota can affect the energy metabolism (Bäckhed et al, 2004; Turnbaugh et al, 2006). Altered gut microbiota changes the end products of fermentation such as short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which is suggested to be involved in the benefits of microbiota diversity on lipid metabolism (Kimura et al, 2013; Morrison and Preston, 2016), Studies demonstrated that oral administration of SCFAs such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate could reduce or reverse body weight gain and adiposity via increased energy expenditure, fat oxidation, or reduced food intake (Lin et al, 2012; Frost et al, 2014; den Besten et al, 2015). Goldsmith and Dhanasekaran (2007) reported that the MAPKs signal pathways can be activated by G proteins It remains unclear whether the MAPKs signal pathways were involved in the process of FFARs induced GLP-1 secretion
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