Abstract
This Campbell systematic review assesses the effect of scared straight and similar programs on criminal behaviours by juvenile delinquents or children at risk of committing crime. The review summarises findings from nine studies conducted in the United States. Participants include juveniles and young adults between the ages 14‐20. A total of 946 juveniles or young adults participated in all 9 experimental studies.Scared straight interventions cause more harm than doing nothing. The nine studies provided no evidence for the effectiveness of scared straight or similar programs on subsequent delinquency.Furthermore, analysis of seven studies reporting reoffending rates showed that the intervention significantly increased the odds of offending on the part of both the juveniles and pre‐delinquents.AbstractCONSUMER SYNOPSISPrograms like ‘Scared Straight’ involve organized visits to prison facilities by juvenile delinquents or children at risk for becoming delinquent. The programs are designed to deter participants from future offending by providing first‐hand observations of prison life and interaction with adult inmates. Results of this review indicate that not only does it fail to deter crime but it actually leads to more offending behavior. Government officials permitting this program need to adopt rigorous evaluation to ensure that they are not causing more harm to the very citizens they pledge to protect.EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND ABSTRACT BACKGROUND‘Scared Straight’ and other programs involve organized visits to prison by juvenile delinquents or children at risk for criminal behavior. Programs are designed to deter participants from future offending through first hand observation of prison life and interaction with adult inmates.OBJECTIVESTo assess the effects of programs comprising organized visits to prisons by juvenile delinquents (officially adjudicated or convicted by a juvenile court) or pre‐delinquents (children in trouble but not officially adjudicated as delinquents), aimed at deterring them from criminal activity.SEARCH STRATEGYSearches by the first author in identifying randomized field trials 1945‐1993 relevant to criminology were augmented by structured searches of 29 electronic databases, including the Campbell SPECTR database of trials (through 2003) and the Cochrane CCTR (through 2011). Experts in the field were consulted and relevant citations were followed up.SELECTION CRITERIAStudies that tested the effects of any program involving the organized visits of juvenile delinquents or children at‐risk for delinquency to penal institutions were included. Studies that included overlapping samples of juvenile and young adults (e.g. ages 14‐20) were also included. We only considered studies that randomly or quasi‐randomly (i.e. alternation) assigned participants to conditions. Each study had to have a no‐treatment control condition with at least one outcome measure of “post‐visit” criminal behavior.DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSISWe report narratively on the nine eligible trials. We conducted one meta‐analysis of post‐intervention offending rates using official data. Information from other sources (e.g. self‐report) was either missing from some studies or critical information was omitted (e.g. standard deviations). We examined the immediate post‐treatment effects (i.e. ‘first‐effects‘) by computing Odds Ratios (OR) for data on proportions of each group re‐offending, and assumed both fixed and random effects models in our analyses.RESULTSThe analyses show the intervention to be more harmful than doing nothing. The program effect, whether assuming a fixed or random effects model, was nearly identical and negative in direction, regardless of the meta‐analytic strategy.AUTHOR'S CONCLUSIONSWe conclude that programs like ‘Scared Straight’ are likely to have a harmful effect and increase delinquency relative to doing nothing at all to the same youths. Given these results, we cannot recommend this program as a crime prevention strategy. Agencies that permit such programs, however, must rigorously evaluate them not only to ensure that they are doing what they purport to do (prevent crime) – but at the very least they do not cause more harm than good to the very citizens they pledge to protect.
Highlights
In the 1970s, inmates serving life sentences at a New Jersey (USA) prison began a program to ‘scare’ or deter at-risk or delinquent children from a future life of crime
We conclude that programs like ‘Scared Straight’ are likely to have a harmful effect and increase delinquency relative to doing nothing at all to the same youths
We found that most documents used phrases like ‘Scared Straight’ or ‘juvenile awareness’ in the title or abstract of the citation
Summary
In the 1970s, inmates serving life sentences at a New Jersey (USA) prison began a program to ‘scare’ or deter at-risk or delinquent children from a future life of crime. The program, known as ‘Scared Straight,’ featured as its main component an aggressive presentation by inmates to juveniles visiting the prison facility. A television documentary on the program aired in 1979 provided evidence that 16 of the 17 delinquents remained law-abiding for three months after attending ‘Scared Straight’ – a 94% success rate (Fickenauer 1982). Other data provided in the film indicated success rates that varied between 80% and 90% (Fickenauer 1982). The program received considerable and favorable media attention and was soon replicated in over 30 jurisdictions nationwide, resulting in special Congressional hearings on the program and the film by the United States House Committee on Education and Labor, Subcommittee on Human Resources (US House Committee on Education and Labor 1979)
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