Abstract
IntroductionPrevious studies have shown that Piper betle L. leaves extract inhibits the adherence of Streptococcus mutans to glass surface, suggesting its potential role in controlling dental plaque development. Objectives: In this study, the effect of the Piper betle L. extract towards S. mutans (with/without sucrose) using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and on partially purified cell-associated glucosyltransferase activity were determined.Material and MethodsS. mutans were allowed to adhere to glass beads suspended in 6 different Brain Heart Infusion broths [without sucrose; with sucrose; without sucrose containing the extract (2 mg mL-1 and 4 mg mL-1); with sucrose containing the extract (2 mg mL-1 and 4 mg mL-1)]. Positive control was 0.12% chlorhexidine. The glass beads were later processed for SEM viewing. Cell surface area and appearance and, cell population of S. mutans adhering to the glass beads were determined upon viewing using the SEM. The glucosyltransferase activity (with/without extract) was also determined. One- and two-way ANOVA were used accordingly.ResultsIt was found that sucrose increased adherence and cell surface area of S. mutans (p<0.001). S. mutans adhering to 100 µm2 glass surfaces (with/without sucrose) exhibited reduced cell surface area, fluffy extracellular appearance and cell population in the presence of the Piper betle L. leaves extract. It was also found that the extract inhibited glucosyltransferase activity and its inhibition at 2.5 mg mL-1 corresponded to that of 0.12% chlorhexidine. At 4 mg mL-1 of the extract, the glucosyltransferase activity was undetectable and despite that, bacterial cells still demonstrated adherence capacity.ConclusionThe SEM analysis confirmed the inhibitory effects of the Piper betle L. leaves extract towards cell adherence, cell growth and extracellular polysaccharide formation of S. mutans visually. In bacterial cell adherence, other factors besides glucosyltransferase are involved.
Highlights
Previous studies have shown that Piper betle L. leaves extract inhibits the adherence of Streptococcus mutans to glass surface, suggesting its potential role in controlling dental plaque development
The objectives of this study were to use scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to demonstrate visually the effect of the aqueous extract of Piper betle L. leaves in the presence and absence of sucrose on the cell adherence, cell growth and extracellular polysaccharide formation of S. mutans and to relate the effect of the extract on the GTF activity with bacterial adherence
The bacterial stock which was kept frozen in glycerol at -70°C before use was thawed at room temperature to revive the bacteria
Summary
Previous studies have shown that Piper betle L. leaves extract inhibits the adherence of Streptococcus mutans to glass surface, suggesting its potential role in controlling dental plaque development. Cell surface area and appearance and, cell population of S. mutans adhering to the glass beads were determined upon viewing using the SEM. The glucosyltransferase activity (with/without extract) was determined. S. mutans adhering to 100 μm JODVV VXUIDFHV ZLWKZLWKRXW VXFURVH H[KLELWHG UHGXFHG FHOO VXUIDFH DUHD ÀXII\ extracellular appearance and cell population in the presence of the Piper betle L. leaves extract. At 4 mg mL-1 of the extract, the glucosyltransferase activity was undetectable and despite that, bacterial FHOOV VWLOO GHPRQVWUDWHG DGKHUHQFH FDSDFLW\ &RQFOXVLRQ 7KH 6(0 DQDO\VLV FRQ¿UPHG WKH inhibitory effects of the Piper betle L. leaves extract towards cell adherence, cell growth and extracellular polysaccharide formation of S. mutans visually. It has been reported that the crude aqueous extract of Piper betle inhibits growth and adherence of early plaque settlers, which include S. mitis, S. sanguinis and Actinomyces sp. to saliva-coated glass surfaces
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