Scaling relations of domain reversal dynamics in rhombohedral and tetragonal PIN–PMN–PT ferroelectric single crystals

Abstract

The domain reversal dynamics of rhombohedral and tetragonal PIN–PMN–PT ferroelectric single crystals has been investigated by analyzing the variation of hysteresis loops under various electric fields and frequencies. As the electric field amplitude E0 continuously increases, the hysteresis area ⟨A⟩ clearly reflects three stages of polarization reversal. The complete scaling relations of domain reversal dynamics were determined. For rhombohedral PIN–47PMN–29PT crystals, the dynamic hysteresis area follows the law of ⟨A⟩ ∝ f −0.38816E05.21244 in the first E0-stage and ⟨A⟩ ∝ f 0.03553E00.37126 in the third E0-stage. For tetragonal PIN–37PMN–39PT crystals, the dynamic hysteresis area follows the law of ⟨A⟩ ∝ f −0.09054E02.74854 in the first E0-stage and ⟨A⟩ ∝ f −0.15504E02.06936 in the third E0-stage. The negative α indicates that with the alternating velocity of the increasing periodic electric field, more and more domain reversals fail to follow with the alternating electric field. However, rhombohedral PIN–47PMN–29PT crystals possess a positive α in the third E0-stage, indicating that 71° and 109° domains can keep pace with varying E0 more easily. The positive β indicates that when the electric field frequency is fixed, more and more domains begin to reverse with the intensity of the increasing electric field. In addition, the function of ⟨A⟩ ∝ f αE0β cannot be applied to the second E0-stage, where the non-180° domain rotation starts occurring but 180° domain rotation has not finished yet.