Abstract
<p>Due to increased consumption of drinking water in the world, there are attempts to apply new solutions for<br />accessing sufficient amounts of water with proper quality. In addition, efficient usage of energy and finding a<br />solution for reducing the scale-related problems in drinking water pipes are among major concerns of urban<br />water supply. Annually, significant budgets are assigned for removing the scale of pipes as well as home and<br />industrial devices. The present study endeavors to examine the scale-formation and corrosion potential of<br />drinking water in drinking water distribution network of Shiraz City (south of Iran). This study is of descriptive<br />type conducted through Langelier, Puckorius, Ryznar, Larson and aggressive indices and taking 144 samples of<br />different sources and points of distribution network. The results showed that the mean values of LI, RI, LS and<br />AI were 0.07 (slightly scale forming), 7.1 (non-scale forming), 1.2 (corrosive) and 14 (non-corrosive),<br />respectively. The mean of scale formation rate value in Shiraz drinking water pipes was 0.26 mm/y. Accordingly,<br />zones located in east, southeast and south of Shiraz have more problems of scale formation. Scale composition of<br />33 home pipe samples and 8 network pipe samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction method. Results indicated<br />that main compositions in scale samples were calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, magnesium carbonate,<br />magnesium sulfate, hematite, maghemite, magnetite, goethite, zinc oxide, gypsum, vivianite, dolomite,<br />hydroxyapatite and troilite. Main elements in scale samples were magnesium, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, zinc,<br />copper and lead.</p>
Highlights
In most of the cases, the mineral waters and springs used without typical treatment measures include mineral materials but they should lack mineral materials of external origins (3)
The values of water of chemical analysis for each zone and the spatial variation of parameters in different zones were determined by the analysis of variance (ANOVA)
The statistical analysis showed that the local variations of parameters across different zones were significant at 5% probability level
Summary
In most of the cases, the mineral waters and springs used without typical treatment measures include mineral materials but they should lack mineral materials of external origins (3). Because of increased consumption of drinking water in all over the world, there are endeavors to find new solutions for accessing proper amounts of water with good quality. Along with hardness-causing ions, water may include other cations such as iron, sodium, potassium and different levels of anions such as chloride, sulfate, nitrate, bicarbonate (5). The drinking waters are usually saturated with calcium carbonate (19). Scale formation occurs when water includes large quantities of calcium carbonate which may form lumps on the surfaces. Excessive levels of scale-formation may be disruptive. Scale formation may reduce the internal diameter of channels of distribution and transfer systems. The pipe may not have the capacity to transfer the expected amount of water. One should repair the distribution system or replaces it; both of these options impose high economic expenses (12)
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