Abstract
This paper presents a scalable uplink multiple access (SUMA) protocol for bistatic Wi-Fi backscatter systems, composed of a Wi-Fi reader, Wi-Fi helper, and multiple Wi-Fi backscatter tags. SUMA uses a Wi-Fi reader-initiated dynamic framed slotted ALOHA (DFSA)-based multiple access protocol to minimize collisions caused by simultaneous Wi-Fi backscatter uplink traffic from multiple Wi-Fi backscatter tags. In SUMA, the Wi-Fi helper first estimates the number of tags at the start of network operation and derives an appropriate slot-count parameter (i.e., Q), based on which the frame size is specified. Then, the Wi-Fi helper adaptively adjusts the value of Q to maximize network performance while continuously monitoring the number of remaining Wi-Fi backscatter tags to detect information. An experimental simulation was performed to verify the superiority of SUMA. The results demonstrated that SUMA obtained higher performance in terms of the number of collided and empty slots, delay, and throughput compared with the legacy DFSA approach adopted in the EPCglobal Class 1 Gen 2 standard.
Highlights
Backscatter communications harvests energy from ambient radio frequency (RF) sources, such as TV towers, frequency modulation (FM) radio towers, cellular base stations, and Wi-Fi access points (APs), enabling ultralow-power or even battery-free operation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices and significantly mitigating the deployment hurdles of many IoT applications [1,2,3]
The results demonstrated that scalable uplink multiple access (SUMA) outperformed the dynamic framed slotted ALOHA (DFSA) protocol of the EPCglobal Class 1 Gen 2 standard in terms of the number of collided and empty slots, delay, and throughput compared
We presented SUMA, a reader-initiated DFSAbased multiple access protocol for bistatic Wi-Fi backscatter systems
Summary
Backscatter communications harvests energy from ambient radio frequency (RF) sources, such as TV towers, frequency modulation (FM) radio towers, cellular base stations, and Wi-Fi access points (APs), enabling ultralow-power or even battery-free operation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices and significantly mitigating the deployment hurdles of many IoT applications [1,2,3]. Yang et al proposed a time division multiple access (TDMA)-based solution that enables a central controller to allocate unique slots to backscatter tags, thereby achieving collision-free backscatter communications [17]. This solution often suffers from high computational and operational complexity, resulting in wasted bandwidth and energy, especially in low contention situations. Khandelwal et al proposed a DFSA-based solution to reduce collision probability by adaptively adjusting the frame size based on the estimated number of backscatter tags [18] It suffers from high computational overhead and performance degradation due to estimation errors.
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