Abstract
Over centuries, several advances have been made in osteochondral (OC) tissue engineering to regenerate more biomimetic tissue. As an essential component of tissue engineering, scaffolds provide structural and functional support for cell growth and differentiation. Numerous scaffold types, such as porous, hydrogel, fibrous, microsphere, metal, composite and decellularized matrix, have been reported and evaluated for OC tissue regeneration in vitro and in vivo, with respective advantages and disadvantages. Unfortunately, due to the inherent complexity of organizational structure and the objective limitations of manufacturing technologies and biomaterials, we have not yet achieved stable and satisfactory effects of OC defects repair. In this review, we summarize the complicated gradients of natural OC tissue and then discuss various osteochondral tissue engineering strategies, focusing on scaffold design with abundant cell resources, material types, fabrication techniques and functional properties.
Highlights
The management and repair of osteochondral (OC) defects are still one of the most challenging clinical issues in orthopedics
The strategy in this study provided a promising approach for tissue specific regeneration with cartilage tissue, immature calcified tissue, transitional trabecular bone and hypertrophic chondrocytes
Over the past few decades, osteochondral tissue engineering strategies based on scaffolds have achieved great progress
Summary
The management and repair of osteochondral (OC) defects are still one of the most challenging clinical issues in orthopedics. Resulting from trauma, athletic injury or pathological factors, early localized osteochondral lesions can lead to general tissue deterioration, characterized clinically by severe pain and functional incapacitation of the affected joints (Hunter and Bierma-Zeinstra, 2019). On account of the complex condition involving different layers of articular cartilage, cartilage-bone interface and subchondral bone, all these approaches have failed to achieve complete repair of OC defects and satisfactory reconstruction of joint functions. The emergence of tissue engineering strategies has shown promise as a potential alternative for OC defect repair (Smith and Grande, 2015). This review aims to update the Scaffold-Based Osteochondral Tissue Regeneration recent development in OC tissue engineering, focusing on biomaterial design and scaffold modification
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