Abstract
In this review paper, the definition of the tissue engineering (TE) was comprehensively explored towards scaffold fabrication techniques and applications. Scaffold properties and features in TE, biological aspects, scaffold material composition, scaffold structural requirements, and old and current manufacturing technologies were reported and discussed. In almost all the reviewed reports, the TE definition denotes renewal, development, and repairs of damaged tissues caused by various factors such as disease, injury, or congenital disabilities. TE is multidisciplinary that combines biology, biochemistry, clinical medicine, and materials science whose application in cellular systems such as organ transplantation serves as a delivery vehicle for cells and drug. According to the previous literature and this review, the scaffold fabrication techniques can be classified into two main categories: conventional and modern techniques. These TE fabrication techniques are applied in the scaffold building which later on are used in tissue and organ structure. The benefits and drawbacks of each of the fabrication techniques have been described in conjunction with current areas of research devoted to deal with some of the challenges. To figure out, the highlighted aspects aimed to define the advancements and challenges that should be addressed in the scaffold design for tissue engineering. Additionally, this study provides an excellent review of original numerical approaches focused on mechanical characteristics that can be helpful in the scaffold design assessment in the analysis of scaffold parameters in tissue engineering.
Highlights
In this review paper, the definition of the tissue engineering (TE) was comprehensively explored towards scaffold fabrication techniques and applications
According to the previous literature and this review, the scaffold fabrication techniques can be classified into two main categories: conventional and modern techniques. ese TE fabrication techniques are applied in the scaffold building which later on are used in tissue and organ structure. e benefits and drawbacks of each of the fabrication techniques have been described in conjunction with current areas of research devoted to deal with some of the challenges
The highlighted aspects aimed to define the advancements and challenges that should be addressed in the scaffold design for tissue engineering
Summary
TE is an interdisciplinary field based on a broad range of areas, where the life sciences and engineering principles are applied to the development of biosubstitutes to restore, maintain, or improve the function of tissue or organ. us, TE is a multidisciplinary study combining biology, biochemistry, clinical medicine, and materials science along with materials science to achieve clinical applications [10]. E fabricated scaffold properties depend on the type of tissues that needs repair, whether they are hard tissues, such as bones, or they are soft such as neural tissues; for example, in the engineering of hard tissues, biological scaffolds are used to fill bone defects and should be able to withstand loads, in addition to leading in the development of new bone. Different types of cells (expanded or nonexpanded) extracted from a donor or a patient are included in the scaffold Adult stem cells, such as bone marrow, fatty tissue, teeth, blood cells, embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells), peripheral bloodderived stem, and genetically engineered cells, are the source of extended cells, while bone marrow aspirate-derived platelet-rich plasma cells are the main source for nonexpended cells [11]. Gross mismatch between tissues and implant leads to death of façade tissues [3]
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