Abstract
Fluorescence spectroscopy is widely used to probe the electromagnetic intensity amplification on optical antennas, yet measuring the excitation intensity amplification is a challenge, as the detected fluorescence signal is an intricate combination of excitation and emission. Here, we describe a novel approach to quantify the electromagnetic amplification in aperture antennas by taking advantage of the intrinsic non linear properties of the fluorescence process. Experimental measurements of the fundamental f and second harmonic 2f amplitudes of the fluorescence signal upon excitation modulation are used to quantify the electromagnetic intensity amplification with plasmonic aperture antennas.
Highlights
Optical antennas are efficient devices to generate strong electromagnetic fields and control the light emission in nanoscale volumes, with major applications in molecular sensing, lightemitting devices, and photovoltaics [1]
Fluorescence spectroscopy is widely used to probe the electromagnetic intensity amplification on optical antennas, yet measuring the excitation intensity amplification is a challenge, as the detected fluorescence signal is an intricate combination of excitation and emission
We describe a novel approach to quantify the electromagnetic amplification in aperture antennas by taking advantage of the intrinsic non linear properties of the fluorescence process
Summary
Optical antennas are efficient devices to generate strong electromagnetic fields and control the light emission in nanoscale volumes, with major applications in molecular sensing, lightemitting devices, and photovoltaics [1]. One of the most important features of an optical antenna relates to its amplification of the local excitation intensity [2]. Enhancement factors are generally estimated from fluorescence spectroscopy [3], Raman scattering [4], or nonlinear photoluminescence measurements [5]. All these techniques quantify the overall response of the coupled emitter-antenna system, merging excitation and emission processes into a single output. The quenching phenomenon may prevent detecting enhanced fluorescence the excitation intensity is locally enhanced by the antenna
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