Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are severe ecological disasters threatening aquatic systems throughout the World, which necessitate scientific efforts in detecting and monitoring them. Compared with traditional in situ point observations, satellite remote sensing is considered as a promising technique for studying HABs due to its advantages of large-scale, real-time, and long-term monitoring. The present review summarizes the suitability of current satellite data sources and different algorithms for detecting HABs. It also discusses the spatial scale issue of HABs. Based on the major problems identified from previous literature, including the unsystematic understanding of HABs, the insufficient incorporation of satellite remote sensing, and a lack of multiple oceanographic explanations of the mechanisms causing HABs, this review also attempts to provide a comprehensive understanding of the complicated mechanism of HABs impacted by multiple oceanographic factors. A potential synthesized framework can be established by combining multiple accessible satellite remote sensing approaches including visual interpretation, spectra analysis, parameters retrieval and spatial-temporal pattern analysis. This framework aims to lead to a systematic and comprehensive monitoring of HABs based on satellite remote sensing from multiple oceanographic perspectives.
Highlights
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are deleterious phenomena characterized by the rapid accumulation of biomass in aquatic systems that have escalated worldwide in recent years
Based on the challenges and opportunities found in existing remote sensing of HABs, a potential conceptual framework that combines all solvable strategies with multiple oceanographic explanations is proposed to provide a systematic way to detect HABs
(676 nm) can be used to detect HABs based on a fluorescence line height (FLH) calculation for the coastal optically-complex water, the optical spectra of which is dominated by colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) [34]
Summary
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are deleterious phenomena characterized by the rapid accumulation of biomass in aquatic systems that have escalated worldwide in recent years. The non-toxic species do not produce toxins, but can lead to aquaculture kills as a result of oxygen depletion or disturbance of the marine food web That is why they are still called harmful algal blooms even though they produce no deadly toxins. As technology developed in 1970s, with the advantages of large-scale, real-time, and long-term monitoring, satellite remote sensing has been widely used to detect HABs as well as the oceanographic environmental characteristics that favor the formation of HABs [29] It is difficult for satellite remote sensing to detect high toxicity HABs existing in thin layers, it still provides an effective tool for identifying high-biomass HABs such as red tides. Based on the challenges and opportunities found in existing remote sensing of HABs, a potential conceptual framework that combines all solvable strategies with multiple oceanographic explanations is proposed to provide a systematic way to detect HABs
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