Abstract
Skeletal muscle satellite cells are considered to play a crucial role in muscle fiber maintenance, repair and remodeling. Our knowledge of the role of satellite cells in muscle fiber adaptation has traditionally relied on in vitro cell and in vivo animal models. Over the past decade, a genuine effort has been made to translate these results to humans under physiological conditions. Findings from in vivo human studies suggest that satellite cells play a key role in skeletal muscle fiber repair/remodeling in response to exercise. Mounting evidence indicates that aging has a profound impact on the regulation of satellite cells in human skeletal muscle. Yet, the precise role of satellite cells in the development of muscle fiber atrophy with age remains unresolved. This review seeks to integrate recent results from in vivo human studies on satellite cell function in muscle fiber repair/remodeling in the wider context of satellite cell biology whose literature is largely based on animal and cell models.
Highlights
Adaptation is broadly defined as a change in behavior, physiology or structure in response to a changing environment
Some studies show higher percentage (∼5%) of cells in the satellite cell position expressing neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) compared with paired box transcription factor 7 (Pax7) (Lindstrom and Thornell, 2009; Mackey et al, 2009; Mikkelsen et al, 2009), we have reported a slightly higher number of Pax7+ compared to NCAM+/CD56+ satellite cells in human muscle cross-sections (Verdijk et al, 2007; McKay et al, 2010)
A number of growth factors and inflammatory cytokines released from skeletal muscle, surrounding cells and/or other tissues following exercise have been suggested to play a crucial role in satellite cell activation, proliferation, and/or differentiation during muscle fiber repair and remodeling in humans (Figure 3)
Summary
Adaptation is broadly defined as a change in behavior, physiology or structure in response to a changing environment. M 25 ± 3 8 50 one legged drop down Mixed jumps 8 sets 10 reps at −30 deg/s 8 sets 10 reps at −120 deg/s We provide an overview of studies that have assessed the change in muscle fiber satellite cell content in response to a single bout of eccentric (damaging) exercise in both young and older adults. A number of growth factors and inflammatory cytokines released from skeletal muscle, surrounding cells and/or other tissues following exercise have been suggested to play a crucial role in satellite cell activation, proliferation, and/or differentiation during muscle fiber repair and remodeling in humans (Figure 3). M 27 ± 2 5 8 sets 10 reps LE (70% 1 RM) M 70 ± 2 6 8 sets 10 reps LE (70% 1 RM) F 27 ± 2 5 8 sets 10 reps LE (70% 1 RM) F 70 ± 2 5 8 sets 10 reps LE (70% 1 RM)
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