Abstract

Vascular access (VA) guidelines recommend radio-cephalic (RC) over upper arm autogenous arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) as first line VA for hemodialysis end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. However RCAVFs are associated with poorer maturation and patency rates as a result of lower generated arterial blood flow (BF) and outflow vein calibre (VC). A number of studies have demonstrated the predictability and accuracy of post-operative BF and VC measurement on AVF outcomes, but they are limited by the heterogeinity of VA studied, timing of assessment and outcome definitions and their narrow focus on early outcomes only.

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