Abstract
The new coronavirus began to spread around the world in late 2019. Initially, it was found only in China, but in the following days there were reported cases of infections in other countries. Subsequently, based on taxonomy, phylogeny, and accepted practice, the virus was officially designated as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). As a result of the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 in different countries around the world, on March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced a status change in the disease caused by this coronavirus—from an epidemic to a pandemic disease. Although the world is taking unprecedented efforts to control the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the number of confirmed cases is rising. Therefore, effective preventive measures are needed in order to limit the spread of illness. The prevention measures are mainly based on information on the virus transmission routes, its environmental stability, and persistence on commonly touched surfaces. Social distancing, mask usage, and good hygiene practice are the most important recommendations for general public. Healthcare professionals who are directly involved in SARS-CoV-2 patients care are more exposed to virus infection and additional protection measures are necessary, including protective suits, aprons, face shields, goggles, and gloves. Due to the stability of SARS-CoV-2 on different surfaces, such as glass, paper, or wood, proper disinfection is crucial. Several studies have shown that despite the virus’s stability, it is sensitive to various disinfectants, such as ethanol, isopropanol, sodium hypochlorite, or hydrogen peroxide. These findings underline the importance of having comprehensive knowledge about SARS-CoV-2 and multidirectional strategies in order to limit the spread of the virus. This review is a summary of the most important information about SARS-CoV-2, such as its stability on different surfaces, protection strategies, and decontamination options.
Highlights
In late autumn 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, local health services reported cases of patients with pneumonia of unknown origin
As a result of the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 in different countries around the world, on March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced a status change in the disease caused by this coronavirus— from an epidemic to a pandemic disease
The World Health Organization (WHO) officially announced the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on 11 March 2020 [4], and officially named the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Summary
In late autumn 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, local health services reported cases of patients with pneumonia of unknown origin. According to the WHO report, at 10 January 2021, over 87.5 million confirmed cases of COVID-19, including more than 1,900,000 deaths, were observed [5] These data indicate that COVID-19 is highly contagious and global measures have been applied in order to limit the spread of the virus [6]. In November 2020, the FDA issued an emergency use authorization (EUA) for the investigational monoclonal antibody therapy containing bamlanivimab, casirivimab, and imdevimab for administration in specific COVID-19 cases. Findings from clinical trials indicate that the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine was 95.0% effective in preventing symptomatic laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 in people without evidence of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. The mRNA-1273 vaccine showed 94.1% efficacy at preventing COVID-19 disease, including severe disease cases [27]. The purpose of this review is to describe the SARS-CoV-2 structure, mechanism of action, transmission routes, characteristics of the virus’ stability, and protection and decontamination options
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