Abstract
BackgroundLebanon, a small country in the Middle East, remains severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Seroprevalence surveys of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies provide accurate estimates of SARS-CoV-2 infection and hence evaluate the extent of the pandemic. The present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in Lebanon and to compare the estimated cumulative number of COVID-19 cases with the officially registered number of laboratory-confirmed cases up to January 15, 2021.MethodsA nationwide population-based serosurvey study was conducted in Lebanon between December 7, 2020, and January 15, 2021, before the initiation of the national vaccination program. The nCOVID-19 IgG & IgM point-of-care (POCT) rapid test was used to detect the presence of anti-SARS-COV-2 immunoglobulin G (IgG) in the blood. Seroprevalence was estimated after weighting for sex, age, and area of residence and adjusting for the test performance.ResultsOf the 2058 participants, 329 were positive for IgG SARS-COV-2, resulting in a crude seroprevalence of 16.0% (95% CI 14.4–17.6). The weighed seroprevalence was 15.9% (95% CI of 14.4 and 17.4). After adjusting for test performance, the population weight-adjusted seroprevalence was 18.5% (95% CI 16.8–20.2). This estimate implies that 895,770 individuals of the general population were previously infected by COVID-19 up to January 15, 2021 in Lebanon. The overall estimated number of subjects with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection was three times higher than the officially reported cumulative number of confirmed cases. Seroprevalence was similar across age groups and sexes (p-value > 0.05). However, significant differences were revealed across governorates.ConclusionsOur results suggest that the Lebanese population is still susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection and far from achieving herd immunity. These findings represent an important contribution to the surveillance of the COVID-19 pandemic in Lebanon and to the understanding of how this virus spreads. Continued surveillance for COVID-19 cases and maintaining effective preventive measures are recommended to control the epidemic spread in conjunction with a national vaccination campaign to achieve the desired level of herd immunity against COVID-19.
Highlights
Lebanon, a small country in the Middle East, remains severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic
The first detected COVID-19 case in Lebanon was reported by the Ministry of Public Health (MOPH) on February 21, 2020, after a 45-year-old woman returning from Iran tested positive
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first nationwide seroprevalence survey describing the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the Lebanese population and comparing the estimated number of cases with the officially registered number of laboratory confirmed cases reported by the MOPH until January 15, 2021
Summary
A small country in the Middle East, remains severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. By mid-March, with the number of confirmed cases climbing to 99, the Lebanese government declared a state of health emergency and imposed a 2-week full lockdown including the closure of the Beirut Rafic Hariri International Airport, as well as sea and land ports except for diplomatic missions and cargo aircrafts. In January 2021, the country experienced its first large wave when the number of daily confirmed cases climbed up reaching 6000 on 14 January 2021 [5]. After this peak, the curve went down following lockdown measures, with a relative increase in March 2021.
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