Abstract
BackgroundBlood pressure (BP) is directly and causally associated with body size in the general population. Whether muscle mass is an important factor that determines BP remains unclear.ObjectiveTo investigate whether sarcopenia is associated with hypertension in older Koreans.ParticipantsWe surveyed 2,099 males and 2,747 females aged 60 years or older.MeasurementsSarcopenia was defined as an appendicular skeletal muscle mass divided by body weight (ASM/Wt) that was <1 SD below the gender-specific mean for young adults. Obesity was defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2. Subjects were divided into four groups based on presence or absence of obesity or sarcopenia. Hypertension was defined as a systolic BP (SBP) ≥140 mmHg, a diastolic BP (DBP) ≥90 mmHg, or a self-reported current use of antihypertensive medications.ResultsThe overall prevalence of hypertension in the four groups was as follows 49.7% for non-obese non-sarcopenia, 60.9% for non-obese sarcopenia, 66.2% for obese non-sarcopenia and 74.7% for obese sarcopenia. After adjustment for age, gender, regular activity, current smoking and alcohol use, the odds ratio (OR) for having hypertension was 1.5 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.23–1.84) in subjects in the non-obese sarcopenia group, 2.08 (95% CI = 1.68–2.57) in the obese non-sarcopenia group and 3.0 (95% CI = 2.48–3.63) in the obese sarcopenia group, compared with the non-obese non-sarcopenia group (p for trend <0.001). Controlling further for body weight and waist circumference did not change the association between hypertension and sarcopenia. The association between sarcopenia and hypertension was more robust in the subjects with diabetes mellitus.ConclusionBody composition beyond BMI has a considerable impact on hypertension in elderly Koreans. Subjects with sarcopenic obesity appear to have a greater risk of hypertension than simply obese or sarcopenia subjects.
Highlights
Sarcopenia, the age-associated loss of muscle mass, is related to deteriorations in physical disability, metabolic impairments, and increased mortality [1]
After adjustment for age, gender, regular activity, current smoking and alcohol use, the odds ratio (OR) for having hypertension was 1.5 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.23–1.84) in subjects in the non-obese sarcopenia group, 2.08 in the obese non-sarcopenia group and 3.0 in the obese sarcopenia group, compared with the non-obese nonsarcopenia group (p for trend,0.001)
The association between sarcopenia and hypertension was more robust in the subjects with diabetes mellitus
Summary
Sarcopenia, the age-associated loss of muscle mass, is related to deteriorations in physical disability, metabolic impairments, and increased mortality [1]. In a study including 1,396 men and women aged 70 years and older, low arm muscle area was associated with an elevated mortality rate during an 8-year followup period [2]. Low muscle mass has been associated with cardiovascular risk factors including arterial stiffness [3], suggesting the additive effects of low muscle mass on blood pressure (BP). Lim et al found that sarcopenic obesity, defined by appendicular muscle mass/body weight (ASM/Wt), was more closely associated with metabolic syndrome than either sarcopenia or obesity alone [4]. Blood pressure (BP) is directly and causally associated with body size in the general population. Whether muscle mass is an important factor that determines BP remains unclear
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