Sarcoidosis in an Italian province. Prevalence and environmental risk factors.

Deborah Beghè,Gloria Saccani,Alfredo Chetta,Marina Aiello,Marilena Muscarella,Ernesto Crisafulli,Claudia Garavelli,Paolo Stacchini,Luca Dall’Asta,Massimo Corradi,Giuseppina Bertorelli,Augusto Alberto Pastorelli,Gernot Zissel

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0176859

Abstract

Background and aimSarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous inflammatory disease whose causes are still unknown and for which epidemiological data are often discordant. The aim of our study is to investigate prevalence and spatial distribution of cases, and identify environmental exposures associated with sarcoidosis in an Italian province.MethodsAfter georeferentiation of cases, the area under study was subdivided with respect to Municipality and Health Districts and to the altitude in order to identify zonal differences in prevalence. The bioaccumulation levels of 12 metals in lichen tissues were analyzed, in order to determine sources of air pollution. Finally, the analysis of the correlation between metals and between pickup stations was performed.Results223 patients were identified (58.3% female and 41.7% male of total) and the mean age was 50.6±15.4 years (53.5±15.5 years for the females and 46.5±14.4 for the males). The mean prevalence was 49 per 100.000 individuals. However, we observed very heterogeneous prevalence in the area under study. The correlations among metals revealed different deposition patterns in lowland area respect to hilly and mountain areas.ConclusionsThe study highlights a high prevalence of sarcoidosis cases, characterized by a very inhomogeneous and patchy distribution with phenomena of local aggregation. Moreover, the bioaccumulation analysis was an effective method to identify the mineral particles that mostly contribute to air pollution in the different areas, but it was not sufficient to establish a clear correlation between the onset of sarcoidosis and environmental risk factors.

Highlights

Sarcoidosis is a systemic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology characterized by the accumulation of immune effector cells in affected organs along with the presence of non-caseating granulomas
The study highlights a high prevalence of sarcoidosis cases, characterized by a very inhomogeneous and patchy distribution with phenomena of local aggregation
Mostly contribute to air pollution in the different areas, but it was not sufficient to establish a clear correlation between the onset of sarcoidosis and environmental risk factors

Summary

Introduction

Sarcoidosis is a systemic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology characterized by the accumulation of immune effector cells in affected organs along with the presence of non-caseating granulomas. It is considered a multifactorial disease likely to result from the interaction of environmental factors and multiple genes. The pathogenetic hypothesis of sarcoidosis involves an instigating antigen that is presented to T-lymphocytes This results in the activation of CD4+ Th1 cells and a final pathway of aberrant granulomatous inflammation with aggregations of activated T cells and macrophages in areas of chronic inflammation [1,2,3]. The aim of our study is to investigate prevalence and spatial distribution of cases, and identify environmental exposures associated with sarcoidosis in an Italian province

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Discussion

Conclusion