SAR study of N′-(Salicylidene)heteroarenecarbohydrazides as promising antifungal agents

Abstract

Clinically available antifungal drugs have therapeutic limitations due to toxicity, narrow spectrum of activity, and intrinsic or acquired drug resistance. Thus, there is an urgent need for new broad-spectrum antifungal agents with low toxicity and a novel mechanism of action. In this context, we have successfully identified several highly promising lead compounds, i.e., aromatic N′-(salicylidene)carbohydrazides, exhibiting excellent antifungal activities against Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus and several other fungi both in vitro and in vivo. Building upon these highly promising results, 71 novel N′-(salicylidene)heteroarenecarbohydrazides 5 were designed, synthesized and their antifungal activities examined against fungi. Based on the SAR study, four highly promising lead compounds, i.e., 5.6a, 5.6b, 5.7b and 5.13a were identified, which exhibited excellent potency against C. neoformans, C. albicans and A. fumigatus, and displayed impressive time-kill profiles against C. neoformans with exceptionally high selectivity indices (SI ≥ 500). These four lead compounds also showed synergy with clinical antifungal drugs, fluconazole, caspofungin (CS) and amphotericin B against C. neoformans. For the SAR study, we also employed quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) analysis by taking advantage of the accumulated data on a large number of aromatic and heteroaromatic N′-(salicylidene)carbohydrazides, which successfully led to rational design and selection of promising compounds for chemical synthesis and biological evaluation.