Abstract
Quillaja saponaria Molina represents the main source of saponins for industrial applications. Q. saponaria triterpenoids have been studied for more than four decades and their relevance is due to their biological activities, especially as a vaccine adjuvant and immunostimulant, which have led to important research in the field of vaccine development. These saponins, alone or incorporated into immunostimulating complexes (ISCOMs), are able to modulate immunity by increasing antigen uptake, stimulating cytotoxic T lymphocyte production (Th1) and cytokines (Th2) in response to different antigens. Furthermore, antiviral, antifungal, antibacterial, antiparasitic, and antitumor activities are also reported as important biological properties of Quillaja triterpenoids. Recently, other saponins from Q. brasiliensis (A. St.-Hill. & Tul.) Mart. were successfully tested and showed similar chemical and biological properties to those of Q. saponaria barks. The aim of this manuscript is to summarize the current advances in phytochemical and pharmacological knowledge of saponins from Quillaja plants, including the particular chemical characteristics of these triterpenoids. The potential applications of Quillaja saponins to stimulate further drug discovery research will be provided.
Highlights
Quillaja saponaria Molina is commonly found in Peru, Chile, and Bolivia
immunostimulating complexes (ISCOMs) can modulate oil/water, in different structures semisynthetic response(i.e., in in different ways according to the antigen.[80], It isorknown that someAlso, antigens can increase or saponins can be used as adjuvants in order to reduce toxicity and maintain their immunoadjuvant decrease the production of IL-10, pushing the immune response towards a Th2 or Th1 response, properties [83]
The ISCOM formulations induced this in the same way
Summary
Quillaja saponaria Molina is commonly found in Peru, Chile, and Bolivia. It was first described in 1782 due to the saponin content in the bark. A food ingredient containing Quillaja bark saponins (Q-Naturale® ) was approved by the FDA as an effective emulsifier for beverages [6,10] In addition to their detergent and emulsifying properties, other pharmacological activities, including antiviral [11,12,13], antifungal [14], antibacterial [15,16,17], and antiparasitic ones, have been reported for Quillaja saponins. The PubMed database was searched using the keywords Quillaja saponins, chemical characteristics, biological activity, adjuvant, antiviral, antifungal, antibacterial, and toxicity, either alone or in combination Despite their widespread use, the structure of Q. saponaria saponins was not completely elucidated until 1986, when Higuchi et al [3] published the structure of two deacetylated saponins from.
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