Abstract
Our work aimed to investigate the protective effects of saponin-based nanoemulsions of vitamin A and E against oxidative stress-induced cellular damage in AML-12 cells. Saponin nanoemulsions of vitamin A (SAN) and vitamin E (SEN) were prepared by high-pressure homogenization and characterized in terms of size, zeta potential, and polydispersity index. SEN and SAN protect AML-12 cells against oxidative stress-induced cellular damage more efficiently via scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reducing DNA damage, protein carbonylation, and lipid peroxidation. These results provide valuable information for the development of nanoemulsion-based delivery systems that would improve the antioxidant properties of vitamin A and E.
Highlights
Oxidative stress results from an imbalance of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and inadequate antioxidant defense system [1]; it leads to certain pathological conditions [2]
The stable saponin emulsions of vitamins were subsequently investigated for their effectiveness against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in Alpha mouse liver 12 (AML-12) hepatocytes; we evaluated whether encapsulated vitamin A and E can provide significantly higher protection against ROS-induced oxidative stress by maintaining cellular redox status and reducing oxidative damage
Oxidative stress induces ROS generation and, if not regulated, causes cellular damage by disrupting the oxidative status and redox potential of cells; it eventually leads to many pathological conditions that impede the proper functions of living systems
Summary
Oxidative stress results from an imbalance of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and inadequate antioxidant defense system [1]; it leads to certain pathological conditions [2]. Oxidative stress-mediated cellular damage appeared to be the main factor in the pathogenesis of a variety of degenerative diseases, including various neurodegenerative diseases, cancers, aging-associated diseases, cardiovascular disease, skin disease, and lung disease [5,6,7,8]. It is associated with various liver diseases, such as obesity and autoimmune-related liver diseases [9,10]. Α-tocopherol is a lipophilic antioxidant that strongly scavenges free radicals; it protects lipids from oxidation, but is highly unstable [12,13]. Vitamin A is another essential vitamin [14], the deficiency of which causes stillbirth and developmental defects [15], night blindness during pregnancy [16], and increased chances of infectious disease mortality, especially in children [17,18]
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