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Abstract
Abstract Hydropower plants have been making both direct and indirect impacts on the environment and society on many levels in Laos as they require people who live in downstream and upstream areas to relocate to new resettlement sites. A sanitation planning process for resettlement sites in Laos is evaluated by an evaluating tool which has been developed according to three international sanitation planning guidelines, namely Community-Led Urban Environmental Sanitation Planning (CLUES), the Sanitation Safety Planning methodology by the WHO, and Sanitation 21. Four resettlement sites were selected, based on their differences in terms of project developers, scales, consultancy companies, and the number of people impacted. All four cases had positive performances in their project preparation and the implementation phases which showed a strong institutional arrangement and high engagement by the stakeholders. However, the technical planning phase was overlooked and given a low priority, the boundary of the systems was roughly defined, and there was no clear support to develop a treatment system for the reuse of wastewater, and no health risk assessment. We propose six concise sanitation planning steps and resource-oriented sanitation for resettlement sites which aim to support project developers' decision-making and planning for sanitation systems in resettlement sites.
Highlights
Laos or the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) is one of the least developed countries in Southeast Asia with a total population of 7.2 million people settled in 18 provinces (World Bank 2019)
A sanitation planning process for resettlement sites in Laos is evaluated by an evaluating tool which has been developed according to three international sanitation planning guidelines, namely Community-Led Urban Environmental Sanitation Planning (CLUES), the Sanitation Safety Planning methodology by the WHO, and Sanitation 21
We propose six concise sanitation planning steps and resource-oriented sanitation for resettlement sites which aim to support project developers’ decision-making and planning for sanitation systems in resettlement sites
Summary
Laos or the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) is one of the least developed countries in Southeast Asia with a total population of 7.2 million people settled in 18 provinces (World Bank 2019). Major economic growth in Laos is primarily driven by foreign direct investment in agriculture, natural resource extraction, and hydropower plants. According to the summary of the 7th Five-Year National Socio-Economic Development Plan 2011–2015 (MPI 2016), there are 369 hydropower plant project contracts, of which 31 are classed as concession agreements with a total installment of 3,970 MW. 55 projects were expected to be constructed before 2020 with a total installed capacity of 4,130 MW. This left 234 projects in the feasibility study phase
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