Abstract
Inflammatory disorders underlie varieties of human diseases. San-Huang-Xie-xin-Tang (SHXXT), composed with Rhizoma Rhei (Rheum palmatum L.), Rhizoma Coptidis (Coptis chinensis Franch), and Radix Scutellaria (Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi), is a famous formula which has been widely used in the fight against inflammatory abnormalities. Mutual reinforcement is one of the basic theories of traditional Chinese medicine. Here this article reviewed and analyzed the recent research on (1) How the main constituents of SHXXT impact on inflammation-associated signaling pathway molecules. (2) The interaction between the main constituents and efflux pumps or intestinal transporters. The goal of this work was to, (1) Provide evidence to support the theory of mutual reinforcement. (2) Clarify the key targets of SHXXT and suggest which targets need further investigation. (3) Give advice for the clinical use of SHXXT to elevated the absorption of main constituents and eventually promote oral bioavailability. We search literatures in scientific databases with key words of “each main SHXXT constituent,” in combination with “each main inflammatory pathway target molecule” or each main intestinal transporter, respectively. We report the effect of five main constituents on target molecules which lies in three main inflammatory signaling pathways, we as well investigate the interaction between constituents and intestinal transporter. We conclude, (1) The synergistic effect of constituents at both levels confirm the mutual reinforcement theory of TCM as it is proven in this work. (2) The effect of main constituents on downstream targets in nuclear need more further investigation. (3) Drug elevating the absorption of rhein, berberine and baicalein can be employed to promote oral bioavailability of SHXXT.
Highlights
Inflammation, a complex response triggered by pernicious stimuli like pathogens or irritants, verified to be involved in process of many diseases such as Alzheimer Disease, type 2 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, etc., (Chiapinotto Spiazzi et al, 2015; Garimella et al, 2015; Saito et al, 2015)
Inflammatory pathways perform a crucial part for signal transduction and recent research provide genuine evidence showing NF-κB, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and junas kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) are the three main pathways (Bertolini, 2012; Ottani et al, 2015)
SHXXT has a quite simple composition with only three herbals, namely Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (Rheum palmatum L.) [RR, yields anthraquinones like emodin(Emo), rhein(Rhe) and aloe-emodin (Aem)], Rhizoma Coptidis (Coptis chinensis Franch) [RC, yields alkaloids like berberine(Ber) and coptisine(COP)], and Radix Scutellaria (Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi) [RS, yields flavonoids
Summary
Inflammation, a complex response triggered by pernicious stimuli like pathogens or irritants, verified to be involved in process of many diseases such as Alzheimer Disease, type 2 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, etc., (Chiapinotto Spiazzi et al, 2015; Garimella et al, 2015; Saito et al, 2015). Inflammation is classified as acute and chronic type. Acute type only last a few days with neutrophil infiltration, while chronic type can last up to years with infiltrations of lymphocytes and macrophages (Ambrozova et al, 2016). As a famous traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula which has been used for centuries, San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang (SHXXT) displays good curative activation in the treatment of inflammatory disorders such as atherosclerosis SHXXT has a quite simple composition with only three herbals, namely Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (Rheum palmatum L.) [RR, yields anthraquinones like emodin(Emo), rhein(Rhe) and aloe-emodin (Aem)], Rhizoma Coptidis (Coptis chinensis Franch) [RC, yields alkaloids like berberine(Ber) and coptisine(COP)], and Radix Scutellaria (Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi) [RS, yields flavonoids
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