Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in Western countries. Recently, Asian countries are being affected by Western habits, which have had an important role in the rapid increase in cancer incidence. Sanggenol L (San L) is a natural flavonoid present in the root barks of Morus alba, which induces anti-cancer activities in ovarian cancer cells. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms of the effects of sanggenol L on human prostate cancer cells have not been elucidated. In this study, we investigated whether sanggenol L exerts anti-cancer activity in human prostate cancer cells via apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Sanggenol L induced caspase-dependent apoptosis (up-regulation of PARP and Bax or down-regulation of procaspase-3, -8, -9, Bid, and Bcl-2), induction of caspase-independent apoptosis (up-regulation of AIF and Endo G on cytosol), suppression of cell cycle (down-regulation of CDK1/2, CDK4, CDK6, cyclin D1, cyclin E, cyclin A, and cyclin B1 or up-regulation of p53 and p21), and inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling (down-regulation of PI3K, p-Akt, and p-mTOR) in prostate cancer cells. These results suggest the induction of apoptosis via suppression of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling and cell cycle arrest via activation of p53 in response to sanggenol L in prostate cancer cells.
Highlights
Prostate cancer is one of the most common internal cancers in men
We investigated whether sanggenol L exerts anti-cancer activity in human prostate cancer cells via apoptosis and cell cycle arrest
Sanggenol L induced caspase-dependent apoptosis, induction of caspase-independent apoptosis, suppression of cell cycle, and inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling in prostate cancer cells. These results suggest the induction of apoptosis via suppression of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling and cell cycle arrest via activation of p53 in response to sanggenol L in prostate cancer cells
Summary
Prostate cancer is one of the most common internal cancers in men. Factors such as age, race, stress, and a high-fat diet are reported to be the principal causes of increases in cancer incidence [1].Asian countries are reported to have lower incidences of cancers compared to those in Western countries due to the Asian diet of soy, tea, fish, fruits, and vegetables [2,3]. Prostate cancer is one of the most common internal cancers in men. Factors such as age, race, stress, and a high-fat diet are reported to be the principal causes of increases in cancer incidence [1]. Asian countries are being affected by Western habits, such as the consumption of red meat and a high-fat-high-calorie diet, which have had an important role in the rapid increase in cancer incidence [4]. While there are high risks associated with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgical operations, natural substance treatments are reported to have lower risks as their anticancer properties only target cancer cells [7]. Effective components derived from natural substances such as catechins, curcumin, and genistein have anticancer activities [8,9,10]
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