Abstract
American Cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) in Brazil is caused by seven Leishmania species. A multitude of sand fly species are implicated in their enzootic and zoonotic transmission. This chapter catalogues the different phlebotomines involved together with their feeding habits, geographical distribution and the impact of climatic and environmental changes. Clades of the same Leishmania species are transmitted by different sand fly genera in different geographical regions. In Amazonia Psychodopygus species are L. (Viannia) ACL vectors. In the Atlantic rainforest zone and the Guyana shield region Nyssomyia species are vectors of ACL caused by L. (Viannia) species. Bichromomyia, Migonemyia and Pintomyia species are also considered to be important ACL vectors. Evidence is accumulating indicating that some parasite may be transmitted by more than one species in an ACL focus.
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