Sand-capping stabilizes muddy sediment and improves benthic light conditions in eutrophic estuaries: Laboratory verification and the potential for recovery of eelgrass (Zostera marina)

Abstract

Decades of eutrophication have increased water turbidity in Danish estuaries and led to light limitation of eelgrass (Zostera marina) growth. Former eelgrass areas are now denuded and consist of organic-rich muddy sediment with frequent resuspension events that maintain a high turbidity state. In addition, low anchoring capacity of eelgrass in the soft organic-rich sediments has contributed to eelgrass loss. When navigation channels in Danish estuaries are dredged, large amounts (~100.000 m3) of sandy sediment are shipped to remote dumping sites. Instead, we suggest that the dredged sand is used to consolidate adjacent muddy areas. We demonstrate in the present laboratory study that capping of fluid muddy sediment with 10 cm of sand is feasible without any vertical mixing and that this marine restoration approach potentially can lower the magnitude and frequency of resuspension events. Erosion of suspended solids change from 5 g m−2 min−1 above muddy sediment as to about 0.2 g m−2 min−1 after sand-capping, implying that the application of sand can improve light conditions. Moreover, since erosion thresholds increase from about 10–12 cm s−1 for mud to 40 cm s−1 for sand-capped mud the anchoring capacity of rooted vegetation is increased. However, the full potential of sand-capping to facilitate restoration of otherwise lost eelgrass habitats requires verification by large-scale field experiments.