Sanctioning Iran: If Only It Were So Simple

Abstract

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. Mark Landler, “U.S. Officials to Continue to Engage Iran,” New York Times, June 13, 2009, p. A14, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/14/us/politics/14diplo.html?_r=1. 2. Dan Bilefsky, “France and Germany Warn of New Iran Sanctions,” New York Times, August 28, 2009, p. A10, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/28/world/middleeast/28iht-nukes.html. 3. Najmeh Bozorgmehr, “Refusal to ‘Bargain About Our Sovereign Rights’ Fuels Pessimism,” Financial Times, September 30, 2009, p. 5, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/845724ce-ad58-11de-9caf-00144feabdc0.html. 4. Patrick Clawson, “Iran's Vulnerability to Foreign Economic Pressure,” testimony before the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the U.S. House of Representatives, July 22, 2009, http://foreignaffairs.house.gov/111/cla072209.pdf. 5. Robert Carswell and Richard J. Davis, “Economic and Financial Pressures,” in American Hostages in Iran: The Conduct of a Crisis, ed. Warren Christopher et al. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985), p. 174. 6. Iran Press News, December 3, 2008. 7. Executive order no. 12957 declared that Iran constituted an extraordinary threat to U.S. security and prohibited U.S. transactions with the Iranian petroleum sector. Its intended purpose was expanded two months later with executive order 12959 that banned nearly all trade and investment with Iran. See Executive Order no. 12957, Code of Federal Regulations, March 17, 1995, http://www.treas.gov/offices/enforcement/ofac/legal/eo/12957.pdf and Executive Order no. 12959, Code of Federal Regulations, May 9, 1995, http://www.treas.gov/offices/enforcement/ofac/legal/eo/12959.pdf. 8. David Menashri, Post-Revolutionary Politics in Iran: Religion, Society and Power (London: Frank Cass, 2001), p. 200. 9. “Europe Takes Steps to Lift its Embargo,” New York Times, January 22, 1981, p. A11. 10. See Vladimir Isachenkov, “Putin: Iran Sanctions Not Needed for Now,” MSNC.com, October 14, 2009, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/33312492/ns/world_news-mideastn_africa/; Mary Beth Sheridan, “Russia Not Budging on Iran Sanctions,” Washington Post, October 14, 2009, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/10/13/AR2009101300221.html. 11. “Spiegel Interview with Iran's Chief Nuclear Negotiator,” Der Spiegel, September 30, 2009, http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,652104,00.html. 12. “Iran to Launch Campaign to Condemn Sanctions on Aviation Industry,” Fars News Agency, December 2, 2008, http://english.farsnews.com/newstext.php?nn=8709120965. 13. “Sanctions on Airline Industry Still Killing People,” Mehr News Agency, July 21, 2009. 14. Mark Landler, “U.S. Is Seeking a Range of Sanctions Against Iran,” New York Times, September 27, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/28/world/middleeast/28iran.html?hp. 15. See Gary Clyde Hufbauer, Jeffrey J. Schott, and Kimberly Ann Elliot, Economic Sanctions Reconsidered, 2nd ed. (Washington, D.C.: Peterson Institute of International Economics, 2009); Meghan O'Sullivan, Shrewd Sanctions: Statecraft and State Sponsors of Terrorism (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2003). 16. “Statement Number 13 of Mir Husayn Musavi Published,” September 28, 2009, http://mowjcamp.com/article/id/38585 (in Persian). Additional informationNotes on contributorsSuzanne MaloneySuzanne Maloney is a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution's Saban Center for Middle East Policy and formerly served on the policy planning staff of the Department of State