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Abstract
We demonstrate the use of Monte Carlo simulations to generate photon scattering density functions (PSDFs) that represent the tissue volume sampled by steady-state and frequency-domain photon migration. We use these results to illustrate how scaling laws can be developed to determine the mean sampling depth of the multiply scattered photons detected by photon migration methods that remain valid outside the bounds of the standard diffusion approximation, i.e., at small source-detector separations and in media where the optical absorption is significant relative to scattering. Using both the PSDF computation and the newly formulated scaling laws, we focus on a comprehensive description of the effects of source modulation frequency, optical absorption, and source-detector separation on the depth of the sampled tissue volume as well as the sensitivity of frequency-domain photon migration measurements to the presence of a localized absorption heterogeneity.
Highlights
AND MOTIVATIONIn recent years, photon migration methods have been shown to be capable of noninvasively quantifying the physiological properties of biological systems1–3͔
We use these results to illustrate how scaling laws can be developed to determine the mean sampling depth of the multiply scattered photons detected by photon migration methods that remain valid outside the bounds of the standard diffusion approximation, i.e., at small source-detector separations and in media where the optical absorption is significant relative to scattering. Using both the PSDF computation and the newly formulated scaling laws, we focus on a comprehensive description of the effects of source modulation frequency, optical absorption, and source-detector separation on the depth of the sampled tissue volume as well as the sensitivity of frequencydomain photon migration measurements to the presence of a localized absorption heterogeneity
We have developed a general Monte-Carlo-based method for assessing the tissue volume sampled in a steady-state, time-resolved, or frequency-domain photon migration measurement
Summary
Photon migration methods have been shown to be capable of noninvasively quantifying the physiological properties of biological systems1–3͔. These methods have been used with much success to study many biological systems including breast and muscle physiology and the functional activity of the brain4 –9͔. Photon migration measurements often employ a single source-detector pair to determine the optical properties of tissue systems that are treated as spatially homogeneous. These optical properties are used to determine the morphology and biochemical compositione.g. To optimize the sensitivity of such measurements to a structure of interest, or to define the tissue volume ‘sampled’ by a given measurement, it is essential to have the capability to determine the tissue volume probed by a given source-detector configuration, modulation frequency, and set of tissue optical properties, and to quantify the effect of a localized absorbing heterogeneity on the measured signal
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