Sampling, quantification and mathematical modeling in agricultural spray drift: A review

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An effective spray of agrochemicals is inevitable for crop production for viable agriculture. Spraying inherently suffers from drift, which has always been one of the major concerns in agriculture, affecting the intent of agrochemical spraying and posing serious environmental hazards. Complete elimination of spray drift is impractical under field conditions but can be minimized using precision spraying techniques. Agricultural spray drift has several detrimental effects, such as environmental damage, polluting water bodies, human and animal health risks, chemical exposure, and economic losses, and may also lead to conflicts between neighboring farmers. Hence, the assessment of spray drift is a salient part of the design process of plant protection equipment to achieve maximum deposition in both chemical and biological pesticide applications. The different methods used to study the drift of a sprayer include test bench, wind tunnel and phase Doppler particle analyzer (PDPA) methods. In the field-level assessment, the fluorometric tracer sampling method conforming to ISO-22866:2005 was used. Plume dispersion, particle tracking and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) are the major mathematical modeling approaches for spray drift simulation studies. Among various methodologies and techniques, an appropriate method for spray drift assessment should be adopted in accordance with factors such as crop parameters, mode of application, and environmental conditions.