Sampling and multiplexing in lab-on-paper bioelectroanalytical devices for glucose determination

Abstract

In this work, we present a multiplexed (eight simultaneous measurements) paper-based electrochemical device developed in a very simple way and using low-cost materials, such as paper, carbon ink and multifunctional connector headers. Meanwhile, we have also combined the paper-based electrochemical platform with a glass-fiber strip in order to integrate easily a sampling step. Both approaches, simultaneous measuring and sampling, have been applied to the determination of glucose using bienzymatic biosensors. They are fabricated by adsorbing the mixture of enzymes (glucose oxidase and horseradish peroxidase), as well as the ferrocyanide, mediator of the electron transfer, on the paper-based electrode. After drying, the measuring solution (containing either glucose standards or samples) is added and the eight corresponding chronoamperograms are recorded. In the case of the microfluidic approach for sampling purposes, the glass-fiber pad (sampler) is immersed in a container with the solution, which flows by capillarity until it reaches the working electrode. The integration of one more step of the analytical process advances towards real and useful lab-on-a-chip devices. With these designs, a linear range comprised between 0.5 and 15 mM was achieved for glucose determination, with an excellent precision. If the sampler is employed, it is not necessary to use micropipettes and, nevertheless, precise measurements are obtained. The RSD of the slopes obtained for different calibrations performed in different days, with different arrays of electrochemical cells and different solutions is ca. 1%. Accurate results are obtained in the determination of glucose in real samples (orange fruit and cola beverages).