Sample volume shape for pulsed-flow velocity estimation using a linear array

Abstract

Various definitions of the sample volume (SV) shape have been proposed, but they are mostly based on transducers with axisymmetrical geometry. We have defined the SV as that spatial region in which scatterers contribute a component to the total gated received-signal energy above a defined threshold. This definition is consistent with modern pulsed transducer arrays and accounts for the need to impose a signal/noise threshold. Based on this definition, SVs for a typical linear phased-array transducer were simulated using custom-designed software. The effects of different transmit pulses, receive gates, apertures, SV depths and lateral foci were studied using a one-dimensional (1-D) beam-forming array, with a fixed lens in the elevation direction. Based on a simplified method of analysis, the features of the beam-steered SV are qualitatively similar to those of the nonsteered SV, when compared at the same beam-flow angle. These studies have helped provide a clearer understanding of the manner in which the SV energy distribution is affected by various parameters. The results can have potentially significant implications in the use of ultrasound (US) for blood velocity estimation, specifically with respect to locating the SV within the blood vessel and the origin of the velocity spectrum.