Abstract

Graphene oxide is a compound with a form similar to graphene, composed of carbon atoms in a sp2 single-atom layer of a hybrid connection. Due to its significant surface area and its good mechanical and thermal stability, graphene oxide has a plethora of applications in various scientific fields including heterogenous catalysis, gas storage, environmental remediation, etc. In analytical chemistry, graphene oxide has been successfully employed for the extraction and preconcentration of organic compounds, metal ions, and proteins. Since graphene oxide sheets are negatively charged in aqueous solutions, the material and its derivatives are ideal sorbents to bind with metal ions. To date, various graphene oxide nanocomposites have been successfully synthesized and evaluated for the extraction and preconcentration of metal ions from biological, environmental, agricultural, and food samples. In this review article, we aim to discuss the application of graphene oxide and functionalized graphene oxide nanocomposites for the extraction of metal ions prior to their determination via an instrumental analytical technique. Applications of ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents for the modification of graphene oxide and its functionalized derivatives are also discussed.

Highlights

  • Among environmental pollutants, metals are of high importance due to their potential toxic effects and tendency to bioaccumulate in aquatic ecosystems

  • Those materials have been utilized in a wide range of analytical sample preparation techniques including dispersive solid phase extraction (d-SPE) [17], magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) [18], pipette tip solid-phase extraction (PT-SPE) [19], solid phase microextraction (SPME) [20], stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) [21], etc

  • A bucky gel consisting of Fe3 O4 nanoparticles, graphene oxide, and ionic liquid is an efficient sorbent for extraction of heavy metal ions from water prior to their determination by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES)

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Summary

Introduction

Metals are of high importance due to their potential toxic effects and tendency to bioaccumulate in aquatic ecosystems. A wide variety of novel sorbents including graphene, graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes, metal–organic frameworks, covalent organic frameworks, and zeolitic imidazole frameworks have been employed for the extraction of metal ions [11,12,13,14,15,16]. Graphene has attracted a lot of attention due to its extraordinary mechanical, thermal, structural, and electronic properties, as well as its high specific surface area It consists of a single layer of carbon atoms densely packed in a honeycomb crystal lattice that forms graphite sheets. Applications of ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) for the modification of graphene oxide are discussed

Synthesis of Graphene-Oxide-Derived Materials
Extraction of Metal Ions with Graphene-Oxide-Derived Materials
Extraction of Mercury
Extraction of Chromium
Extraction of Cadmium
Extraction of Gold
Extraction of Cobalt
Extraction of Zinc
Extraction of Copper
Extraction of Lead
Extraction of Thallium
3.10. Extraction of Cerium
3.11. Extraction of Samarium
Multielement Extraction with Graphene-Oxide-Derived Materials
Conclusions
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