Sample Dilution Is Not an Effective Mitigation for Hemolysis Interference in Anti-Xa Heparin Activity Assays

Abstract

Abstract The presence of hemolysis or icterus can interfere with chromogenic anti-Xa assays for unfractionated heparin monitoring (heparin activity), resulting in falsely lower estimates of heparin activity. Dilution is a common method for mitigating interference in spectroscopic assays that measure a single analyte by endpoint analysis and has been proposed as a solution for hemolysis interference in heparin activity assays. Heparin activity assays measure heparin/antithrombin complex activity using a chromogenic rate of absorbance change method. Heparin activity is a complex equilibrium of heparin binding to multiple proteins, including antithrombin, heparin cofactor II, platelet factor 4, histidine-rich glycoprotein, vitronectin, fibronectin, and others; some enhance while others neutralize heparin activity. The objective of this study was to determine how dilution affects heparin activity with different starting levels of antithrombin. First samples were diluted without interference (no hemolysis). Samples with 1 U/mL heparin in pooled normal plasma (PNP) and 50% PNP (to simulate 50% antithrombin levels) were diluted 1:1 with PNP versus OK buffer. Dilution resulted in nonlinear changes. Samples with 100% antithrombin recovered 88% of expected activity with PNP versus 74% with OK buffer; samples with 50% antithrombin recovered 111% with PNP versus 77% with OK buffer. Samples were then spiked with varying concentrations of hemolysate and 1:1 dilutions with PNP demonstrated nonlinear recoveries ranging from 41% to 84%. We were unable to recover the original heparin activity with or without hemolysis due to the complex interaction of initial heparin, antithrombin, and other binding protein concentrations with diluent antithrombin and other diluent heparin binding protein levels. When PNP is used as the diluent, the recovery will be lower when the initial antithrombin level is normal due to the addition of other heparin binding proteins; when the initial antithrombin level is low, the recovery is higher due to the addition of antithrombin from the diluent plasma. The recovery is always lower when buffer is used due to dilution of sample antithrombin. Careful consideration should be taken in evaluating the utility of sample dilution to mitigate interference from hemolysis and icterus in heparin activity assays, particularly in patients with fluctuating levels of antithrombin, such as those on extracorporeal life support or with liver failure.