Abstract
Bioactive chemical constitutes from the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza classified in two major groups, viz., liposoluble tanshinones and water-soluble phenolics. Tanshinone IIA is a major lipid-soluble compound having promising health benefits. The in vivo and in vitro studies showed that the tanshinone IIA and salvianolate have a wide range of cardiovascular and other pharmacological effects, including antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, endothelial protective, myocardial protective, anticoagulation, vasodilation, and anti-atherosclerosis, as well as significantly help to reduce proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells. In addition, some of the clinical studies reported that the S. miltiorrhiza preparations in combination with Western medicine were more effective for treatment of various cardiovascular diseases including angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and pulmonary heart diseases. In this review, we demonstrated the potential applications of S. miltiorrhiza, including pharmacological effects of salvianolate, tanshinone IIA, and its water-soluble derivative, like sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate. Moreover, we also provided details about the clinical applications of S. miltiorrhiza preparations in controlling the cardiovascular diseases.
Highlights
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) cause nearly one third of all deaths in human beings worldwide (Wong, 2014)
tanshinone IIA (TsIIA) has poor oral absorption and low bioavailability. It can be used as a water-soluble derivative of Sodium TsIIA sulfonate (STS), for preparation of new dosage forms, such as microemulsion for injection, microspheres, solid dispersions, liposomes, and nanoparticles
Some problems remain to be resolved and should be studied by targeting water-soluble and lipid-soluble components of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (SM) having more or less effects on other CVDs, and whether their effects are consistent at different pathological stages and intervention mechanism
Summary
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) cause nearly one third of all deaths in human beings worldwide (Wong, 2014). Salvianolates are the main water-soluble bioactive compounds extracted from SM and are composed of Sal B, rosmarinic acid, and lithospermic acid, which are widely used in the treatment of CHD (Qi et al, 2017; Qiu et al, 2018). Sodium TsIIA sulfonate (STS) (Figure 3) is a water-soluble derivative of TsIIA, which has been widely used in China for the treatment of CVDs safely and effectively, including MI and angina pectoris (AP) (Zhang et al, 2014a; Mao et al, 2015; Zhu et al, 2017). Previous studies provided information on SM and its bioactive constituents for their various pharmacological activities, so in this review, we outlined the cardiovascular protective effects of TsIIA and STS, providing details about therapeutic mechanisms of CVDs, as well as the application of SM in clinical CVDs
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