Abstract
In Jordan, Salvia ceratophylla L. is traditionally used in the treatment of cancer, microbial infections, and urinary disorders. This study aimed: (1) to chemically characterize S. ceratophylla essential oil (EO) from South Jordan, by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS); and (2) to evaluate in vitro the cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and antiprotozoal activities of the EO, it’s predominant components, and the hexane (A), ethyl acetate (B), methanol (C) and crude-methanol extracts (D). The analysis revealed that the EO has 71 compounds, with linalool (54.8%) as main constituent. Only the hexane extract (A) showed some cytotoxic activity against SK-MEL, KB, BT-549, SK-OV-3, LLC-PK1 and VERO cells lines with IC50 between 60 and > 100 µg/mL. The EO inhibited NO production (IC50 90 µg/mL) and NF-κB activity (IC50 38 µg/mL). The extracts A, B, and D inhibited NO production and NF- κB activity with IC50 between 32 and 150 µg/mL. Linalool considerably inhibited NO production (IC50 18 µg/mL). The extracts tested did not exhibit antileishmanial activity. Regarding antitrypanosomal activity, the EO exhibited significant results with IC50 2.65 µg/mL. In conclusion, Jordan S. ceratophylla EO represents a rich source of linalool and bears a promising therapeutic potential for further antitrypanosomal drug development.
Highlights
Salvia ceratophylla L. (Arabic: Lusan Al-haea, English: horn-leaved sage) is a biennial lemon-scented herb and one of the 19 indigenous Salvia species native in Jordan [1]
Several Salvia species and their essential oils are used in various traditional medicines to treat malaria [9, 10] and leishmaniasis [11]
As far as we know, there is no previous report on the S. ceratophylla essential oil (EO) composition originated from Dana Biosphere Reserve (Southern Jordan)
Summary
Salvia ceratophylla L. (Arabic: Lusan Al-haea, English: horn-leaved sage) is a biennial lemon-scented herb and one of the 19 indigenous Salvia species native in Jordan [1]. (Arabic: Lusan Al-haea, English: horn-leaved sage) is a biennial lemon-scented herb and one of the 19 indigenous Salvia species native in Jordan [1] This species grows in diverse Jordanian geographic areas, such as Mafraq, Ajlun, Ma’an, Tafila and Dana [1] and Wadi Musa [2]. In Middle Eastern countries such as Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria, the herbalists prescribe Salvia species as boiled tea to relieve abdominal pain, headaches, stomachaches, and to treat cancer, microbial infections, asthma, coughs and other pulmonary and urinary disorders [7] It is recommended in folk medicine to disinfect homes after sickness [8]. Several Salvia species and their essential oils are used in various traditional medicines to treat malaria [9, 10] and leishmaniasis [11]
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