Abstract
BackgroundThe occurrence of emerging pollutants like pharmaceuticals and related compounds in the aquatic and terrestrial environments is of increasing concern. Ciprofloxacin is one of the pharmaceuticals which is active against a wide range of bacteria. The main objective of this research is to develop a simple method for the extraction and determination of ciprofloxacin residues in environmental water samples.ResultsA salting-out assisted liquid–liquid extraction (SALLE) method for the determination of ciprofloxacin in water samples by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC–DAD) was developed. The calibration curve was linear over the range of 0.1–100 μg/L with coefficient of determination (r2) of 0.9976. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of the method were 0.075 and 0.25 µg/L, respectively. The reproducibility in terms of relative standard deviation (% RSD) was less than 10%. The applicability of the developed method was investigated by analyzing tap water, bottled mineral water and waste water and demonstrated satisfactory recoveries in the ranges of 86.4–120%.ConclusionThe method offered a number of features including wide linear range, good recovery, short analysis time, simple operation process and environmental friendly. The developed method can be utilized as an attractive alternative for the determination of ciprofloxacin residues in environmental water matrices.
Highlights
Pharmaceuticals are molecules designed to produce a therapeutic effect both in human and veterinary
Instrumentation The HPLC system used in the present study was Agilent 1200 Series equipped with Quaternary Pump, Agilent 1200 Series Vacuum Degasser, Agilent 1200 Series Autosampler and Agilent 1200 Series Diode Array Detector Purchased from Agilent Technologies (Hewlett-Packard Strasse Waldbronn, Germany)
A salting-out assisted liquid–liquid extraction (SALLE) method coupled with HPLC–DAD was developed and successfully utilized for the determination of ciprofloxacin residue in environmental water
Summary
Pharmaceuticals are molecules designed to produce a therapeutic effect both in human and veterinary. Pharmaceuticals contain active ingredients that have been designed to have pharmacological effects and confer significant benefits to society. Their continuous large-scale consumption and the subsequent release in the environment can be proven fatal for animals and plants. Some pharmaceuticals can persist in the environment and, either via the food chain or via drinking water, can make their way back to humans, while the properties and fate of metabolites and transformation products are still largely unknown [8, 9]. The occurrence of pharmaceutically active compounds in the environmental water has been confirmed with the concentrations usually range at the μg/L to ng/L range in surface waters [10]. The main objective of this research is to develop a simple method for the extraction and determination of ciprofloxacin residues in environmental water samples
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