Abstract
In this study, salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction combined with high performance liquid chromatography diode array detector (SALLE-HPLC-DAD) method was developed and validated for simultaneous analysis of carbaryl, atrazine, propazine, chlorothalonil, dimethametryn and terbutryn in environmental water samples. Parameters affecting the extraction efficiency such as type and volume of extraction solvent, sample volume, salt type and amount, centrifugation speed and time, and sample pH were optimized. Under the optimum extraction conditions the method was linear over the range of 10 - 100 μg/L (carbaryl), 8 - 100 μg/L (atarzine), 7 - 100 μg/L (propazine) and 9 - 100 μg/L (chlorothalonil, terbutryn and dimethametryn) with correlation coefficients (R2) between 0.99 and 0.999. Limits of detection and quantification ranged from 2.0 to 2.8 μg/L and 6.7 to 9.5 μg/L, respectively. The extraction recoveries obtained for ground, lake and river waters were in a range of 75.5% to 106.6%, with the intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviation lower than 3.4% for all the target analytes. All of the target analytes were not detected in these samples. Therefore, the proposed SALLE-HPLC-DAD method is simple, rapid, cheap and environmentally friendly for the determination of the aforementioned herbicides, insecticide and fungicide residues in environmental water samples.
Highlights
The use of agrochemical is becoming one of the preferred alternatives mainly because of their rapid actions on exterminating disease causing organisms, control insects, weeds and other pests
In this study, salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction combined with high performance liquid chromatography diode array detector (SALLE-HPLC-DAD) method was developed and validated for simultaneous analysis of carbaryl, atrazine, propazine, chlorothalonil, dimethametryn and terbutryn in environmental water samples
As the preferred extraction solvent in SALLE, for efficient isolation of polar organic compounds was reported in the literature [35]
Summary
The use of agrochemical is becoming one of the preferred alternatives mainly because of their rapid actions on exterminating disease causing organisms, control insects, weeds and other pests. In order to carry out trace enrichment, it is mandatory to search for fairly suitable and reliable sample preparation technique for selective and quantitative extraction of the target pesticide residues from complex sample matrices To this end, quite a number of solventless and solvent-minimized sample preparation techniques have been developed, validated and applied in the analysis of trace level pesticide contaminants from various water systems and other matrices [7] [8] [9]. The apparatus needed for most of these techniques are expensive and may not be available in most laboratories of the developing countries
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