Salsolinol: a potential modulator of the activity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in nursing and postweaning sheep

Abstract

The most well-known physiological action of salsolinol (1-methyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline) is the stimulation of prolactin secretion, especially during lactation. In addition, our recent work demonstrated that salsolinol inhibits the stress-induced activity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis in lactating sheep. Here, we investigated whether salsolinol regulates the basal activity of the HPA axis in lactating sheep and whether its inhibitory action on the stress-induced activity of the HPA axis is present during the postweaning period. The first experiment was performed during the fifth week of lactation, in which unstressed sheep received an intracerebroventricular infusion of an antagonistic analogue of salsolinol, 1-MeDIQ (1-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline). Simultaneously, the infundibular nucleus and/or median eminence was perfused using the push–pull method. Sheep that received 1-MeDIQ infusion showed significantly higher concentration of plasma ACTH during the second, third, and fourth hour (P < 0.001, P < 0.01, and P < 0.001, respectively) and cortisol during the third and fourth hour (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01, respectively) than did sheep that received control infusion. There was no significant difference in the mean perfusate corticotropin-releasing hormone concentration between the 1-MeDIQ and control treatments. In the second experiment, sheep received an intracerebroventricular infusion of salsolinol during the ninth week of lactation and 48 h after lamb weaning. A comparison between the control groups in the first and second experiments revealed that sheep after weaning (ninth week of lactation) had significantly higher mean ACTH (P < 0.001) and cortisol (P < 0.001) concentrations during the first 2 h of the experiment than the nursing females (fifth week of lactation) had. Salsolinol significantly reduced the increased concentrations of ACTH and cortisol (P < 0.01) in sheep after lamb weaning. However, there was no difference in the expression of proopiomelanocortin messenger RNA within the anterior pituitary between the control and salsolinol-treated groups. In conclusion, salsolinol regulates the basal activity of the HPA axis in lactating sheep. In addition, the HPA axis of postweaning females is more sensitive to stressors associated with the experimental procedures, and salsolinol attenuates ACTH and cortisol release in this phenomenon.