Abstract
Saliva has been useful as a liquid biopsy for the diagnosis of various oral or systemic diseases, and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is no exception. While its early detection and prevention is important, salivary cytokines expression, specifically of Interleukin-8 (IL-8), Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), does contribute to the pathogenesis of cancer and these cytokines serve as potential biomarkers. Their excessive production plays a role in cancer progression and establishment of angiogenesis. However, other inflammatory or immunological conditions may affect the levels of cytokines in saliva. This article reviews the expression of levels of specific cytokines i.e., IL-8, IL-6 and TNF-α, their signaling pathways in the development of oral cancer, and how they are essential for the diagnosis of OSCC and updates related to it. Apart from serum, the saliva-based test can be a cost-effective tool in the follow-up and diagnosis of OSCC. Moreover, large-scale investigations are still needed for the validation of salivary cytokines.
Highlights
Oral cancer was previously rated as the sixth most common cancer worldwide, and has acquired the fifth position [1]
Nelson et al suggested the elevation of IL-6, IL-8, IL-1 and TNF-α in oral neoplastic lesions and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) because of their characteristic feature involvement in pro-angiogenesis and pro-inflammation which, in turn, has diagnostic value [27]
The results revealed that in the OSCC group both biomarkers were found to be statistically elevated when compared with the control group
Summary
Oral cancer was previously rated as the sixth most common cancer worldwide, and has acquired the fifth position [1]. Nelson et al suggested the elevation of IL-6, IL-8, IL-1 and TNF-α in oral neoplastic lesions and OSCC because of their characteristic feature involvement in pro-angiogenesis and pro-inflammation which, in turn, has diagnostic value [27]. Activating and TNF-α in oral neoplastictranscription lesions and OSCC because of theirfactor characteristic involvement in andare pro-inflammation which, in turn, hassignal diagnostic value [27].cell growth and death [29]. 1 (AP-1), which involved in inflammation, regulation, IL-6, TNF-α apart from being atopro-inflammatory cytokine, regulates regenerative, and IL-8, IL-6 and proved be overexpressed in OSCC, as investigated bymetabolic the University of neural processes It follows the ras/raf/Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase (MAPK) pathway [28]. A schematic diagram illustratesthe the activation activation ofofIL-8, IL-6 andand
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