Salivary Aldosterone as a Diagnostic Aid in Primary Aldosteronism

Abstract

Recent evidence demonstrates an increased incidence of primary aldosteronism (PA) in approximately 10% of the hypertensive population, making noninvasive and simple screening methods necessary. The aim of the present study was to apply a time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay for the measurement of aldosterone in saliva and the establishment of a cut-off to identify patients with a high likelihood for PA requiring subsequent screening with the aldosterone to renin ratio. Saliva was collected (AM and PM) to ascertain an optimum time with best discriminating power between healthy and disease states. Plasma aldosterone, after overnight recumbency and 4 h later, was collected for posture testing. The participants included 53 PA patients (aged 14-78), 54 with essential hypertension (EH, aged 19-82), and 38 healthy volunteers (aged 19-56). Saliva aldosterone (SA) (median, 25-75(th)%) in PA was found at 90 pg/ml (61-139) compared to 53 pg/ml (40-85) in EH, with discrimination between PA versus EHs best in the morning (cutoff: 81 pg/ml, 77% sensitivity, 82% specificity). Saliva aldosterone decreases throughout the day in patients with adenomas [APA AM: 123 pg/ml (92-213) vs. PM: 79 pg/ml (41-116)], but not in those with bilateral hyperplasia [BAH AM: 85 pg/ml (59-115)] vs. pm 69 pg/ml (57-114). Morning SA alone allows discrimination between PA and controls, though with significant overlap against EHs, leading to a high number of false positives. More promising is the use of diurnal variation in SA in distinguishing between APA and BAH. The decline in SA seen in patients with APA presents a more constant finding compared to posture testing, which fails to correctly classify a large number of patients.