Abstract
Background: Saliva, the most readily available body fluid, is the product of genes which are in constant activity throughout life. Measurement of saliva can predict the onset of some diseases years before their accumulation in vulnerable tissues causes clinical signs to appear. The purpose of this study was is to demonstrate current applications of saliva analysis and to predict and prevent disease progression. Methods: We measured levels of Abeta42, C-reactive proteins (CRPs), and tumornecrosis factors (TNFs) in saliva from both healthy and fatal diseased cases such as cancer, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and coronary heart disease by ELISA-mediated techniques. We also immunostained human tissue sections with antibodies specific to these proteins to demonstrate the data are comparable. Results: We found all the proteins expressed constantly in saliva from healthy controls but increased in diseased cases. This was accompanied by data from immunohistochemistry. It was also found that these proteins wereexpressed in high amounts in some healthy controls, which reflects high risk for the onset of diseases such as AD and heart diseases.Conclusions: It is concluded that measuring changes in essential gene products in saliva can predict onset of fatal diseases and open the door to effective protection measures, thus preventing premature death.
Highlights
Saliva is a product of the salivary glands
It was known that amyloid beta protein terminating at position 42 (Abeta42) accumulation in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is initiated by Abeta42 binding to the complement protein C1q, which initiate complement cascade resulting in neuronal death in affected area by membrane attack complex formation [2], which eventually results in the cognitive deficits that define clinical AD
It is known to be upregulated in inflammatory conditions such as malignant tumor expansion since it results in neo-capillary formation; cancers may be relatively benign until factors, yet to be identified, induce tumornecrosis factors (TNFs) production
Summary
Saliva is a product of the salivary glands It is expressed at a constant rate around the clock every day of life as is the case for all proteins generated from maintenance genes. It is known to be upregulated in inflammatory conditions such as malignant tumor expansion since it results in neo-capillary formation; cancers may be relatively benign until factors, yet to be identified, induce TNF production. This new, excessive production of TNF leads to a cachectic state. The apparent reason is that the proliferating cancer cells need TNFto stimulate their necessary blood supply Urine and blood analyses have been routine for many decades but saliva, another body fluid, has been largely less attended to [8], and yet, it is beginning to appear that saliva may offer an index to the existence of a number of diseases, but may even offer a clue to vulnerability to some, where protective action can be taken
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