Abstract
Salinity is one of the most important abiotic stresses that influences plant growth and productivity worldwide. Salinity affects plant growth by ionic toxicity, osmotic stress, hormonal imbalance, nutrient mobilization reduction, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). To survive in saline soils, plants have developed various physiological and biochemical strategies such as ion exchange, activation of antioxidant enzymes, and hormonal stimulation. In addition to plant adaption mechanisms, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can enhance salt tolerance in plants via ion homeostasis, production of antioxidants, ACC deaminase, phytohormones, extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), volatile organic compounds, accumulation of osmolytes, activation of plant antioxidative enzymes, and improvement of nutrients uptake. One of the important issues in microbial biotechnology is establishing a link between the beneficial strains screened in the laboratory with industry and the consumer. Therefore, in the development of biocontrol agents, it is necessary to study the optimization of conditions for mass reproduction and the selection of a suitable carrier for their final formulation. Toward sustainable agriculture, the use of appropriate formulations of bacterial agents as high-performance biofertilizers, including microbial biocapsules, is necessary to improve salt tolerance and crop productivity.
Highlights
As the production and storage conditions of the formulation are significant in preserving microbial populations and play a key role in its effectiveness and marketing, it can be said that the final product formulation is the culmination of knowledge in fertilizer production technology and biocontrol agents [107], and the acquisition of new practical formulations plays an essential role in agriculture
This study showed the encapsulation of sodium alginate with Azosprillum lipoferum and Paenibacillus polymyxa bacteria in a basil field under salinity stress in two growing seasons [127]
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can help to overcome the adverse effects of salt stress in plants with various mechanisms
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The sustainability of plant yield under abiotic stress conditions requires integrating different strategies to alleviate stress impacts in plants These strategies include the integrative application of beneficial microbes, osmoprotectants, nutrients, and chemical. These strategies include the integrative application of beneficial microbes, osmoprotectants, nutrients, and chemical stimulants [6]. One of the reasons for this lack of success can be considered the adverse effect of environmental factors (including salinity stress) on the bacteria used, which reduces their efficiency and may kill them [7,8] To increase their viability and improve their performance, it is necessary to add a suitable formulation of these factors in the soil. In addition to beneficial bacterial agents, the polymers used in this type of formulation can improve soil and plant conditions [10]
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