Abstract
Although the effects of salicylic acid (SA) on increasing plant growth in saline conditions have been well known, the mechanisms of induction of salinity tolerance, especially in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), are not fully understood. In the present work, two quinoa genotypes (Titicaca and Giza1) were treated with different SA concentrations (0, 0.75, and 1.5 mM) under varied irrigation water salinities (0, 7, 14, and 21 dS m−1). Salinity decreased shoot and root growth, potassium (K+) concentration, and potassium to sodium ratio (K/Na) and increased sodium (Na+) and chlorine (Cl−) concentrations in both cultivars. Calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) concentrations increased in 7 dS m−1 but decreased in higher salinities. The growth and salinity tolerance of Giza1 were higher, while the growth of Giza1 increased and of Titicaca decreased in high salinity. Salicylic acid at 0.75-mM concentration increased shoot and root growth and improved the ions concentration in favor of the plant, while the 1.5-mM concentration either had no significant effect or had a negative impact. The ions distribution estimated by K/Na selectivity and storage factor (SF) indicated quinoa accumulated more ions in roots under saline conditions. Salicylic acid increased NaSF, ClSF, and MgSF and decreased KSF and CaSF, meaning less Na+, Cl−, and Mg2+ and more K+ and Ca2+ transferred to shoots in SA-treated plants. Importantly, Giza1, as the more tolerant cultivar, had higher NaSF and ClSF and lower KSF, CaSF, and MgSF. In general, the concentrations of ions in roots were higher than in shoots. The results indicated more ions accumulation in the root could be one of the most important mechanisms of salinity tolerance in quinoa, and the more tolerant cultivar (Giza1) transferred less Na+ and Cl− and more K+ and Ca2+ and Mg2+ to the shoot.
Highlights
Faculty of Agriculture, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz 5375171379, Iran; National Salinity Research Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Abstract: the effects of salicylic acid (SA) on increasing plant growth in saline conditions have been well known, the mechanisms of induction of salinity tolerance, especially in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), are not fully understood
Shoot dry weight initially decreased with increasing salinity from 0 to 14 dS m showed a significant increase with increasing salinity to 21 dS m−1, as this amount (10.14 g) while it showed a significant increase with increasing salinity to 21 dS m−1, as this amou was the highest shoot dry weight for both cultivars at different salinity levels
The results of this study showed that 0.75-mM SA concentration had the greatest effect on the modulation of the negative effect of salinity, which led to the highest dry weight of shoots and roots, whereas SA application at 1.5-mM concentration in some cases had a negative effect on plant growth
Summary
Salinity decreased shoot and root growth, potassium (K+ ) concentration, and potassium to sodium ratio (K/Na) and increased sodium (Na+ ) and chlorine (Cl− ) concentrations in both cultivars. Calcium (Ca2+ ) and magnesium (Mg2+ ) concentrations increased in 7 dS m−1 but decreased in higher salinities. Salicylic acid at 0.75-mM concentration increased shoot and root growth and improved the ions concentration in favor of the plant, while the 1.5-mM concentration either had no significant effect or had a negative impact. The results indicated more ions accumulation in the root could be one of the most important mechanisms of salinity tolerance in quinoa, and the more tolerant cultivar (Giza). The Na+ accumulation in the soil, with a consequent increase of the SAR, can decrease the permeability of agricultural soils and, may further slowdown the natural groundwater recharge [4]. Public Health 2022, 19, 1576 a plant with the ability to adapt in saline conditions through preventing salt from entering the plant or reducing the salt concentration in the cytoplasm [2]
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